Enhanced secretion / retention of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) from muscle cells by species-specific signal peptide

ABSTRACT

One aspect of the current invention is a method designing and using species-specific or synthetic signal peptides and GHRH sequences for the purpose of preventing and/or treating chronic illness in a subject by utilizing methodology that administers a single dose of nucleic acid expression vector or nucleic acid expression construct encoding a GHRH or functional biological equivalent to a subject through a parenteral route of administration.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application, Ser. No. 60/537,582, entitled “ENHANCED SECRETION/RETENTION OF GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (GHRH) FROM MUSCLE CELLS BY SPECIES-SPECIFIC SIGNAL PEPTIDE,” filed on Jan. 20, 2004, having Ruxandra Draghia-Akli listed as the inventor, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

This invention pertains to a method of producing and using species-specific or synthetic signal peptides and GHRH sequences for the purpose of preventing and/or treating chronic illness in a subject by utilizing methodology that administers a single dose of nucleic acid expression vector or nucleic acid expression construct encoding a GHRH or functional biological equivalent to a subject through a parenteral route of administration. More specifically, a method of expressing and secreting an encoded growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (“GHRH”) peptide from a cell of a subject includes: delivering into the cell of the subject an isolated nucleic acid expression construct that encodes a signal peptide coupled to the encoded GHRH peptide. In a preferred embodiment, the encoded signal peptide is at least 90% identical to (SEQID No.: 52) and the encoded GHRH peptide is at least 90% identical to (SEQID No.: 14).

Signal Peptides: Many neuropeptides and neurotransmitters are first synthesized as large pro-protein precursors. After their synthesis in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (“RER”), these pro-hormones or pro-neurotransmitters are post-translationally modified to give rise to mature peptides that have unique biological actions. Limited endoproteolytic cleavage occurs at paired basic residues, either lysine-arginine or arginine-arginine, with cleavage at monobasic sites occurring less frequently (Schaner et al., 1997)

Secretion is constitutive if proteins are secreted at the same rates as they are synthesized (Kelly, 1985). In regulated secretion newly synthesized proteins destined for secretion are stored at high concentration in secretory vesicles until the cell receives an appropriate stimulus. When both constitutive and regulated protein secretion can take place in the same cell a mechanism must exist for sorting the correct secretory protein into the correct secretory vesicle. The secretory vesicle must then be delivered to the appropriate region of plasma membrane (Moore and Kelly, 1985). Numerous, more recent studies have suggested that protein secretion pathways are more complicated. Thus, constitutive secretory markers are not excluded from the regulated secretory pathway and that efficient sorting for regulated secretion occurs above a background of proteins which enter the granules without sorting (Castle et al., 1998). There is also good evidence that secretion for the regulated pathway may be passive, i.e. not involving an active sorting signal/receptor process. Rather, regulated pathway appears somewhat unrestricted, with retention in granules as a result of protein-protein interactions during the condensation of secretory vesicles (Arvan and Castle, 1998; Castle and Castle, 1998).

For many pro-hormones, serial processing occurs as they are targeted to the regulated secretory pathway. In the neuro-endocrine system, it is believed that fully processed bioactive peptides are stored in secretory granules that are released only after ligand-specific stimulation of a membrane-bound receptor (Lee et al., 2002).

How vesicles are born in the trans-Golgi network and reach their docking sites at the plasma membrane is still largely unknown and is under current investigation. For example, in a study on live, primary cultured atrial cardiomyocytes, secretory vesicles are visualized by expressing fusion proteins of proatrial natriuretic peptide (proANP) and green fluorescent protein. The number of docked vesicles is significantly correlated with the number of mobile vesicles. The deletion of the acidic N-terminal or point mutations change size and shape-but not velocity-of the vesicles, and, strikingly, abolish their docking at the plasma membrane (Baertschi et al., 2001). The shapes thus change from spheres to larger, irregular floppy bags or vesicle trains. Deletion of the C-terminal, where the ANP and its disulfide bond reside, does not change size, shape, docking, or velocity of the mobile vesicles. The N-terminal acid calcium-binding sequence of pro-ANP is known to cause protein aggregation at the high calcium concentration prevailing in the trans-Golgi network. Therefore, these results indicate that amino acid residues favoring cargo aggregation are critically important in shaping the secretory vesicles and determining their fate-docking or not docking-at the plasma membrane.

Studies also assessed in vivo if transgene-encoded secretory proteins follow distinct, polarized sorting pathways as has been shown to occur “classically” in cell biological studies in vitro. For instance, recombinant adenoviruses were used to deliver different transgenes to a rat submandibular cell line in vitro or to rat submandibular glands in vivo. Subsequently, the secretory distribution of the encoded proteins was determined (Baum et al., 1999). Luciferase, which has no signal peptide, served as a cell-associated, negative control and was used to correct for any nonspecific secretory protein release from cells. The three remaining transgene products tested, human tissue kallikrein (hK1), human growth hormone (hGH), and human alpha1-antitrypsin (halpha1AT), were predominantly secreted (>96%) in vitro. Most importantly, in vivo, after a parasympathomimetic secretory stimulus, both hK1 and hGH were secreted primarily in an exocrine manner into saliva. Conversely, halpha1AT was predominantly secreted into the bloodstream, i.e., in an endocrine manner. The aggregate results are consistent with the recognition of signals encoded within the transgenes that result in specific patterns of polarized protein secretion from rat submandibular gland cells in vivo.

Signal sequences are the addresses of proteins destined for secretion. In eukaryotic cells, they mediate targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and insertion into the translocon. Thereafter, signal sequences are cleaved from the pre-protein and liberated into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. It has been recently reported that some liberated signal peptides are further processed by the intramembrane-cleaving aspartic protease signal peptide peptidase. Cleavage in the membrane-spanning portion of the signal peptide promotes the release of signal peptide fragments from the lipid bilayer. Typical processes that include intramembrane proteolysis is the regulatory or signalling function of cleavage products. Likewise, signal peptide fragments liberated upon intramembrane cleavage may promote such post-targeting functions in the cell (Martoglio, 2003). All signal sequences contain a hydrophobic core region, but, despite this, they show great variation in both overall length and amino acid sequence. Recently, it has become clear that this variation allows signal sequences to specify different modes of targeting and membrane insertion and even to perform functions after being cleaved from the parent protein. It became apparent that signal sequences are not simply greasy peptides but sophisticated, multipurpose peptides containing a wealth of functional information (Martoglio and Dobberstein, 1998).

In many cases the signal sequence is sufficient to target the newly synthesized protein to the regulated secretory pathway, or to the constitutive pathway (El Meskini et al., 2001). Also, minute changes in the signal peptide can be associated with important physiological changes. For instance, a leucine 7 to proline (Leu7Pro) polymorphism in the signal peptide of neuropeptide Y (NPY), an important neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system, is associated with increased blood lipid levels, accelerated atherosclerosis, and diabetic retinopathy (Kallio et al., 2001; Kallio et al., 2003). Studies determined that subjects with the Leu7Pro have a significantly lower plasma NPY and norepinephrine concentrations, lower insulin concentrations, higher glucose concentrations, lower insulin-glucose ratio, and lower prolactin levels in plasma.

We documented that the choice of 3′UTR has a profound impact on the localization of the transgene product and its subsequent effects. This observation confirms other previously described models. For example, the addition of a full-length 3′-UTR of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha after the stop codon of a transgene reading frame targets the reporter MRNA to dendrites of transfected fully polarized hippocampal neurons. This observation confirms that this sequence contains translational activation signals (Macchi et al., 2003). The utrophin 3′UTR is critical for targeting mRNAs to cytoskeleton-bound polysomes and for controlling transcript stability (Gramolini et al., 2001), and a single point mutation in the 3′UTR of Ran is responsible for the nuclear localization or a preferred initial cytoplasmic distribution of the molecule, leading to profound changes in lipopolysaccharide endotoxin-mediated responses (Wong et al., 2001). We showed that the skeletal alpha actin 3′UTR sequesters IGF-I to the muscle, resulting in high local expression levels of hIGF-I, with effects on both angiogenesis and muscle regeneration. By contrast, the GH 3′UTR mediates the releases of IGF-I to the circulation, with effects only on angiogenesis (Rabinovsky and Draghia-Akli, 2004). Therefore, the choice of the signal peptide, as the choice of the 3′UTR, is critical for localization of gene products, and its potential subsequent effects on tissues or organs.

There is a significant body of work describing the enzymes involved in the post-translational processing of many neuropeptides, including pro-opiomelanocortin (Zhou and Mains, 1994), pro-thyroid releasing hormone (Schaner et al., 1997), pro-insulin (Smeekens et al., 1992) and pro-enkephalin (Breslin et al., 1993). Some studies looked at the biosynthesis and post-translational processing of pro-growth hormone releasing hormone (pro-GHRH) (Nillni et al., 1999). After cloning the corresponding complementary DNAs, it was determined that the GHRH sequence is derived from the pre-pro-GHRH (amino acids 1-104) precursor after removal of the leader signal peptide, followed by two proteolytic cleavages, one at the N- and the other at the C-terminal regions of the pre-pro-GHRH. This reaction generates a biologically active GHRH (corresponding to amino acids 31-73 of the pre-pro-hormone) after removal of the basic residues (Nillni et al., 1999). Some studies support the concept that GHRH is released via a regulated secretory pathway. However, peptide could be found in the media even without stimulation, confirming the observation that peptide secretion from cells is a complex mechanism (Fernandez et al., 1994).

Nevertheless, until the present invention, there was no indication that the same hormone, in our case the GHRH, could be differently processed in different animal species, and that species-specific changes in the signal peptide are playing a role in the rate of peptide secretion from cells.

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (“GHRH”) and Growth Hormone (“GH”) Axis: To better understand utilizing GHRH plasmid mediated gene supplementation as a treatment of different conditions, and designing better plasmid vectors adapted for a particular condition or another, the mechanisms and current understanding of the GHRH/GH axis will be addressed. Although not wanting to be bound by theory, the central role of growth hormone (“GH”) is controlling somatic growth in humans and other vertebrates. The physiologically relevant pathways regulating GH secretion from the pituitary are fairly well known. The GH production pathway is composed of a series of interdependent genes whose products are required for normal growth. The GH pathway genes include: (1) ligands, such as GH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-D); (2) transcription factors such as prophet of pit 1, or prop 1, and pit 1: (3) agonists and antagonists, such as growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SS), respectively; and (4) receptors, such as GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) and the GH receptor (GH-R). These genes are expressed in different organs and tissues, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, liver, and bone. Effective and regulated expression of the GH pathway is essential for optimal linear growth, as well as homeostasis of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. GH synthesis and secretion from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by GHRH and inhibited by somatostatin, both hypothalamic hormones. GH increases production of IGF-I, primarily in the liver, and other target organs. IGF-I and GH, in turn, feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary to inhibit GHRH and GH release. GH elicits both direct and indirect actions on peripheral tissues, the indirect effects being mediated mainly by IGF-I.

Several studies in different animal models and human have shown that GHRH has an immune stimulatory effect, both through stimulation of the GH axis and directly as an immune-modulator (Dialynas et al., 1999; Khorram et al., 2001). GH has been known to enhance immune responses, whether directly or through the IGF-I, induced by GH. Recently, a GH secretagogue (GHS), was found to induce the production of GH by the pituitary gland, but also determined a statistically significant increase in thymic cellularity and differentiation in old mice. When inoculated with a transplantable lymphoma cell line, EL4, the treated old mice showed statistically significant resistance to the initiation of tumors and the subsequent metastases. Generation of CTL to EL4 cells was also enhanced in the treated mice, suggesting that GHS has a considerable immune enhancing effect (Koo et al., 2001). Our studies showed mice with implanted tumors given a plasmid-mediated GHRH supplementation had reduced tumor growth, reduced number of metastasis, improved kidney function and no muscle atrophy, most probably due to a significant stimulation of the immune function (Khan et al., 2003a; Khan et al., 2003b). The immune function is also modulated by IGF-I, and there is evidence that macrophages are a rich source of IGF-I. The treatment of mice with recombinant IGF-I confirmed these observations as it increased the number of pre-B and mature B cells in bone marrow (Jardieu et al., 1994). The mature B cell remained sensitive to IGF-I as immunoglobulin production was also stimulated by IGF-I in vitro and in vivo (Robbins et al., 1994).

In aging mammals, the GHRH-GH-IGF-I axis undergoes considerable decrement with reduced GH secretion and IGF-I production, associated with a loss of skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia), osteoporosis, arthritis, increased fat deposition and decreased lean body mass (Caroni and Schneider, 1994; Veldhuis et al., 1997). It has been demonstrated that the development of these changes can be offset by recombinant GH therapy. It has also been shown in culture, in vitro that the production of hyaluronan and condroitin sulphate proteoglycans is regulated by GH, IGF-I, and that these molecules may be of significant importance in the therapy of joint pathology (Erikstrup et al., 2001; Pavasant et al., 1996).

The production of recombinant proteins in the last 2 decades provided a useful tool for the treatment of many diverse conditions. For example, GH-deficiencies in short stature children, anabolic agent in burn, sepsis, and AIDS patients. However, resistance to GH action has been reported in malnutrition and infection. Clinically, GH replacement therapy is used widely in both children and the elderly. Current GH therapy has several shortcomings, however, including frequent subcutaneous or intravenous injections, insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance (Rabinovsky et al., 1992); children are also vulnerable to premature epiphyseal closure and slippage of the capital femoral epiphysis (Liu and LeRoith, 1999). A “slow-release” form of GH (from Genentech) has been developed that only requires injections every 14 days. However, this GH product appears to perturb the normal physiological pulsatile GH profile, and is also associated with frequent side effects.

In contrast, essentially no side effects have been reported for recombinant GHRH therapies. Extracranially secreted GHRH, as mature peptide or truncated molecules (as seen with pancreatic islet cell tumors and variously located carcinoids) are often biologically active and can even produce acromegaly (Esch et al., 1982; Thomer et al., 1984). Administration of recombinant GHRH to GH-deficient children or adult humans augments IGF-I levels, increases GH secretion proportionally to the GHRH dose, yet still invokes a response to bolus doses of recombinant GHRH (Bercu and Walker, 1997). Thus, GHRH administration represents a more physiological alternative of increasing subnormal GH and IGF-I levels (Corpas et al., 1993).

GH is released in a distinctive pulsatile pattern that has profound importance for its biological activity (Argente et al., 1996). Secretion of GH is stimulated by the GHRH, and inhibited by somatostatin, and both hypothalamic hormones (Thomer et al., 1995). GH pulses are a result of GHRH secretion that is associated with a diminution or withdrawal of somatostatin secretion. In addition, the pulse generator mechanism is timed by GH-negative feedback. Effective and regulated expression of the GH and IGF-I pathway is essential for optimal linear growth, homeostasis of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, and for providing a positive nitrogen balance (Murray and Shalet, 2000). Numerous studies in humans, sheep or pigs showed that continuous infusion with recombinant GHRH protein restores the normal GH pattern without desensitizing GHRH receptors or depleting GH supplies as this system is capable of feed-back regulation, which is abolished in the GH therapies (Dubreuil et al., 1990; Vance, 1990; Vance et al., 1985). Although recombinant GHRH protein therapy entrains and stimulates normal cyclical GH secretion with virtually no side effects, the short half-life of GHRH in vivo requires frequent (one to three times a day) intravenous, subcutaneous or intranasal (requiring 300-fold higher dose) administration. Thus, as a chronic treatment, GHRH administration is not practical.

Wild-type GHRH has a relatively short half-life in the circulatory system, both in humans (Frohman et al., 1984) and in farm animals. After 60 minutes of incubation in plasma 95% of the GHRH(1-44)NH2 is degraded, while incubation of the shorter (1-40)OH form of the hormone, under similar conditions, shows only a 77% degradation of the peptide after 60 minutes of incubation (Frohman et al., 1989). Incorporation of cDNA coding for a particular protease-resistant GHRH analog in a therapeutic nucleic acid vector results in a molecule with a longer half-life in serum, increased potency, and provides greater GH release in plasmid-injected animals (Draghia-Akli et al., 1999), herein incorporated by reference. Mutagenesis via amino acid replacement of protease sensitive amino acids prolongs the serum half-life of the GHRH molecule. Furthermore, the enhancement of biological activity of GHRH is achieved by using super-active analogs that may increase its binding affinity to specific receptors (Draghia-Akli et al., 1999).

Growth Hormone (“GH”) and Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (“GHRH”) in Farm animals: The administration of recombinant growth hormone (GH) or recombinant GH has been used in subjects for many years, for use in domestic livestock. For example, administration of GHRH and GH stimulate milk production, with an increase in feed to milk conversion. This therapy enhances growth primarily by increasing lean body mass (Lapierre et al., 1991; van Rooij et al., 2000) with overall improvement in feed efficiency. Hot and chilled carcass weights are increased and carcass lipid (percent of soft-tissue mass) is decrease by administration of GHRH and GH (Etherton et al., 1986).

Although not wanting to be bound by theory, the linear growth velocity and body composition of humans, farm animals, and companion animals appear to respond to GH or GHRH replacement therapies under a broad spectrum of conditions. Similarly, anemia associated with different diseases and conditions can be treated by physiologically stimulating the GHRH axis (Draghia-Akli et al., 2002a; Draghia-Akli et al., 2003a). However, the etiology of these conditions can vary significantly. For example, in 50% of human GH deficiencies the GHRH-GH-IGF-I axis is fimctionally intact, but does not elicit the appropriate biological responses in its target tissues. Similar phenotypes are produced by genetic defects at different points along the GH axis (Parks et al., 1995), as well as in non-GH-deficient short stature. In humans, these non-GH-deficiency causes of short stature, such as Turner syndrome (Butler et al., 1994), hypochondroplasia (Foncea et al., 1997), Crohn's disease (Parrizas and LeRoith, 1997), intrauterine growth retardation (Hoess and Abremski, 1985) or chronic renal insufficiency (Lowe, Jr. et al., 1989) can be efficiently treated with GHRH or GH therapy (Gesundheit and Alexander, 1995). In companion animals, such as dogs or cats, there is little or no available therapy, and recombinant protein therapies have proved to be inefficient (Kooistra et al., 1998; Kooistra et al., 2000; Rijnberk et al., 1993).

Transgene Delivery and in vivo Expression: Although not wanting to be bound by theory, the delivery of specific transgenes to somatic tissue to correct inborn or acquired deficiencies and imbalances is possible. Such transgene-based drug delivery offers a number of advantages over the administration of recombinant proteins. These advantages include: the conservation of native protein structure; improved biological activity; avoidance of systemic toxicities; and avoidance of infectious and toxic impurities. Because the protein is synthesized and secreted continuously into the circulation, plasmid mediated therapy allows for prolonged production of the protein in a therapeutic range. Also, the use of the appropriate signal peptide to induce the release of the largest quantity possible per producing cell is of substantial importance. As shown, the localization of the newly synthesized gene product is essential for its biological activities. In contrast, the primary limitation of using recombinant protein is the limited availability of protein after each administration.

In a plasmid-based expression system, a non-viral transgene vector may comprise of a synthetic transgene delivery system in addition to the nucleic acid encoding the therapeutic genetic product. In this way, the risks associated with the use of most viral vectors can be avoided, including the expression of viral proteins that can induce immune responses against target tissues and the possibility of DNA mutations or activations of oncogenes. The non-viral expression vector products generally have low toxicity due to the use of “species-specific” components for gene delivery, which minimizes the risks of immunogenicity generally associated with viral vectors. Additionally, no integration of plasmid sequences into host chromosomes has been reported in vivo to date, so that this type of nucleic acid vector therapy should neither activate oncogenes nor inactivate tumor suppressor genes. As episomal systems residing outside the chromosomes, plasmids have defined pharmacokinetics and elimination profiles, leading to a finite duration of gene expression in target tissues.

Direct plasmid DNA gene transfer is currently the basis of many emerging nucleic acid therapy strategies and does not require viral components or lipid particles (Aihara and Miyazaki, 1998; Muramatsu et al., 2001). Skeletal muscle is target tissue, because muscle fiber has a long life span and can be transduced by circular DNA plasmids that are expressed in immunocompetent hosts (Davis et al., 1993; Tripathy et al., 1996). Plasmid DNA constructs are attractive candidates for direct therapy into the subjects skeletal muscle because the constructs are well-defined entities that are biochemically stable and have been used successfully for many years (Acsadi et al., 1991; Wolff et al., 1990). The relatively low expression levels of an encoded product that are achieved after direct plasmid DNA injection are sometimes sufficient to indicate bio-activity of secreted peptides (Danko and Wolff, 1994; Tsurumi et al., 1996). Previous reports demonstrated that human GHRH cDNA could be delivered to muscle by an injectable myogenic expression vector in mice where it transiently stimulated GH secretion to a modest extent over a period of two weeks (Draghia-Akli et al., 1997).

There are several different approaches that can be utilized for the treatment of chronic conditions as arthritis, cancer or kidney failure; effective treatment may require the presence of therapeutic agents for extended periods of time. In the case of proteins, this is problematic. Gene therapeutic approaches may offer a solution to this problem. Experimental studies have confirmed the feasibility, efficacy and safety of gene therapy for the treatment of animal models of chronic diseases.

Efforts have been made to enhance the delivery of plasmid DNA to cells by physical means including electroporation, sonoporation, and pressure. Although not wanting to be bound by theory, the administration of a nucleic acid construct by electroporation involves the application of a pulsed electric field to create transient pores in the cellular membrane without causing permanent damage to the cell, which allows exogenous molecules to enter the cell (Smith and Nordstrom, 2000). By adjusting the electrical pulse generated by an electroporetic system, nucleic acid molecules can travel through passageways or pores in the cell that are created during the procedure. U.S. Pat. No. 5,704,908 titled “Electroporation and iontophoresis catheter with porous balloon,” issued on Jan. 6, 1998 with Hofinann et al., listed as inventors describes an electroporation apparatus for delivering molecules to cells at a selected location within a cavity in the body of a patient. Similar pulse voltage injection devices are also described in: U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,359 titled “Needle electrodes for mediated delivery of drugs and genes,” issued on Dec. 30, 1997, with Hofiann, et al., listed as inventors; U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,440 titled “Electroporation system with voltage control feedback for clinical applications,” issued on Aug. 8, 1995 with Hofinann listed as inventor; PCT application WO/96/12520 titled “Electroporetic Gene and Drug Therapy by Induced Electric Fields,” published on May 5, 1996 with Hofinann et al., listed as inventors; PCT application WO/96/12006 titled “Flow Through Electroporation Apparatus and Method,” published on Apr. 25, 1996 with Hofmann et al., listed as inventors; PCT application WO/95/19805 titled “Electroporation and Iontophoresis Apparatus and Method For insertion of Drugs and genes inot Cells,” published on Jul. 27, 1995 with Hofmann listed as inventor; and PCT application WO/97/07826 titled “In Vivo Electroporation of Cells,” published on Mar. 6, 1997, with Nicolau et al., listed as inventors, the entire content of each of the above listed references is hereby incorporated by reference.

Recently, significant progress to enhance plasmid delivery in vivo and subsequently to achieve physiological levels of a secreted protein was obtained using the electroporation technique. Electroporation has been used very successfully to transfect tumor cells after injection of plasmid (Lucas et al., 2002; Matsubara et al., 2001)) or to deliver the anti-tumor drug bleomycin to cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors in humans (Gehl et al., 1998; Heller et al., 1996). Electroporation also has been extensively used in mice (Lesbordes et al., 2002; Lucas et al., 2001; Vilquin et al., 2001), rats (Terada et al., 2001; Yasui et al., 2001), and dogs (Fewell et al., 2001) to deliver therapeutic genes that encode for a variety of hormones, cytokines or enzymes. Previous studies using GHRH showed that plasmid therapy with electroporation is scalable and represents a promising approach to induce production and regulated secretion of proteins in large animals and humans (Draghia-Akli et al., 1999; Draghia-Akli et al., 2002c). Electroporation also has been extensively used in rodents and other small animals (Bettan et al., 2000; Yin and Tang, 2001). Intramuscular injection of plasmid followed by electroporation has been used successfully in ruminants for vaccination purposes (Babiuk et al., 2003; Tollefsen et al., 2003). It has been observed that the electrode configuration affects the electric field distribution, and subsequent results (Gehl et al., 1999; Miklavcic et al., 1998). Although not wanting to be bound by theory, needle electrodes give consistently better results than external caliper electrodes in a large animal model.

The ability of electroporation to enhance plasmid uptake into the skeletal muscle has been well documented. Similarly, plasmids formulated with poly-L-glutamate (“PLG”) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (“PVP”) were observed to have an increase in plasmid transfection, which consequently increased the expression of a desired transgene. For example, plasmids formulated with PLG or PVP were observed to increase gene expression to up to 10 fold in the skeletal muscle of mice, rats, and dogs (Fewell et al., 2001; Mumper et al., 1998). Although not wanting to be bound by theory, the anionic polymer sodium PLG enhances plasmid uptake at low plasmid concentrations and reduces any possible tissue damage caused by the procedure. PLG is a stable compound and it is resistant to relatively high temperatures (Dolhik et al., 1993). PLG has been used to increase stability of anti-cancer drugs (Li et al., 2000) and as “glue” to close wounds or to prevent bleeding from tissues during wound and tissue repair (Otani et al., 1996; Otani et al., 1998). PLG has been used to increase stability in vaccine preparations (Matsuo et al., 1994) without increasing their immunogenicity. PLG also has been used as an anti-toxin after antigen inhalation or exposure to ozone (Fryer and Jacoby, 1993).

Although not wanting to be bound by theory, PLG increases the transfection of the plasmid during the electroporation process, not only by stabilizing the plasmid DNA and facilitating the intracellular transport through the membrane pores, but also through an active mechanism. For example, positively charged surface proteins on the cells could complex the negatively charged PLG linked to plasmid DNA through protein-protein interactions. When an electric field is applied, the surface proteins reverse direction and actively internalize the DNA molecules, a process that substantially increases the transfection efficiency. Furthermore, PLG will prevent the muscle damage associated with in vivo plasmid delivery (Draghia-Akli et al., 2002b) and will increase plasmid stability in vitro prior to injection. There are studies directed to electroporation of eukaryotic cells with linear DNA (McNally et al., 1988; Neumann et al., 1982) (Toneguzzo et al., 1988) (Aratani et al., 1992; Nairn et al., 1993; Xie and Tsong, 1993; Yorifuji and Mikawa, 1990), but these examples illustrate transfection into cell suspensions, cell cultures, and the like, and such transfected cells are not present in a somatic tissue.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,288 is directed to methods for preparing recombinant host cells containing high copy number of a foreign DNA by electroporating a population of cells in the presence of the foreign DNA, culturing the cells, and killing the cells having a low copy number of the foreign DNA.

Although not wanting to be bound by theory, a GHRH cDNA can be delivered to muscle of mice and humans by an injectable myogenic expression vector where it can transiently stimulate GH secretion over a period of two weeks (Draghia-Akli et al., 1997). This injectable vector system was optimized by incorporating a powerful synthetic muscle promoter (Li et al., 1999) coupled with a novel protease-resistant GHRH molecule with a substantially longer half-life and greater GH secretory activity (pSP-HV-GHRH) (Draghia-Akli et al., 1999). Highly efficient electroporation technology was optimized to deliver the nucleic acid construct to the skeletal muscle of an animal (Draghia-Akli et al., 2002b). Using this combination of vector design and electric pulses plasmid delivery method, the inventors were able to show increased growth and favorably modified body composition in pigs (Draghia-Akli et al., 1999; Draghia-Akli et al., 2003b) and rodents (Draghia-Akli et al., 2002c). The modified GHRH nucleic acid constructs increased red blood cell production in companion animals with cancer and cancer treatment-associated anemia (Draghia-Akli et al., 2002a). In pigs, available data suggested that the modified porcine HV-GHRH analog (SEQID No.: 1) was more potent in promoting growth and positive body composition changes than the wild-type porcine GHRH (Draghia-Akli et al., 1999).

Administering novel GHRH analog proteins (U.S. Pat Nos. 5,847,066; 5846,936; 5,792,747; 5,776,901; 5,696,089; 5,486,505; 5,137,872; 5,084,442, 5,036,045; 5,023,322; 4,839,344; 4,410,512, RE33,699) or synthetic or naturally occurring peptide fragments of GHRH (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,833,166; 4,228,158; 4,228,156; 4,226,857; 4,224,316; 4,223,021; 4,223,020; 4,223, 019) for the purpose of increasing release of growth hormone have been reported. A GHRH analog containing the following mutations have been reported (U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,936): Tyr at position 1 to His; Ala at position 2 to Val, Leu, or others; Asn at position 8 to Gln, Ser, or Thr; Gly at position 15 to Ala or Leu; Met at position 27 to Nle or Leu; and Ser at position 28 to Asn. The GHRH analog is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,996 titled “Super-active porcine growth hormone releasing hormone analog,” issued on Apr. 22, 2003 with Schwartz, et al., listed as inventors (“the '996 Patent”), which teaches application of a GHRH analog containing mutations that improve the ability to elicit the release of growth hormone. In addition, the '996 Patent application relates to the treatment of growth deficiencies; the improvement of growth performance; the stimulation of production of growth hormone in an animal at a greater level than that associated with normal growth; and the enhancement of growth utilizing the administration of growth hormone releasing hormone analog and is herein incorporated by reference.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,534 (“the '534 patent”) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,934 (“the '934 patent”) describe mutated steroid receptors, methods for their use and a molecular switch for nucleic acid vector therapy, the entire content of each is hereby incorporated by reference. A molecular switch for regulating expression in nucleic acid vector therapy and methods of employing the molecular switch in humans, animals, transgenic animals and plants (e.g. GeneSwitch®) are described in the '534 patent and the '934 patent. The molecular switch is described as a method for regulating expression of a heterologous nucleic acid cassette for nucleic acid vector therapy and is comprised of a modified steroid receptor that includes a natural steroid receptor DNA binding domain attached to a modified ligand binding domain. The modified binding domain usually binds only non-natural ligands, anti-hormones or non-native ligands. One skilled in the art readily recognizes natural ligands do not readily bind the modified ligand-binding domain and consequently have very little, if any, influence on the regulation or expression of the gene contianed in the nucleic acid cassette.

In summary, the design of species-specific plasmid vectors encoding for GHRH or other proteins or peptides, for the therapy or prevention of chronic diseases in animals, were previously uneconomical and restricted in scope. The related art has shown that it is possible to improve these different conditions in a limited capacity utilizing recombinant protein technology, but these treatments have some significant drawbacks. It has also been taught that nucleic acid expression constructs that encode recombinant proteins are viable solutions to the problems of frequent injections and high cost of traditional recombinant therapy. There is a need in the art to expanded treatments for subjects with a disease by utilizing nucleic acid expression constructs that are delivered into a subject and express stable therapeutic proteins in vivo.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the current invention is a method to produce species-specific plasmid vectors by using different molecular tools, in particular, incorporating species-specific or strong synthetic signal peptides to be used for the treatment or prevention of chronic diseases. The method generally comprises delivering into the tissue of a farm animal a nucleic acid expression construct that encodes a growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (“GHRH”) or functional biological equivalent thereof. Specific embodiments of this invention encompass various modes of delivering, expressing, and secreting an encoded GHRH from the tissue of the humans or farm animals using a nucleic acid expression construct (e.g. an electroporation method, a viral vector, in conjunction with a carrier, by parenteral route, or a combination thereof). In one preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid expression construct is delivered via an electroporation method comprising: a) penetrating the tissue in the animal or human with a plurality of needle electrodes, wherein the plurality of needle electrodes are arranged in a spaced relationship; b) introducing the optimized nucleic acid expression construct into the tissue between the plurality of needle electrodes; and c) applying an electrical pulse to the plurality of needle electrodes. Another preferred embodiment includes the optimized nucleic acid expression construct being delivered in a single dose, and the single dose comprising a total of about a 0.01-10 mg of the optimized nucleic acid expression construct. Generally, the optimized nucleic acid expression construct is delivered into a tissue of the animals or humans comprising diploid cells (e.g. muscle cells). In yet another specific embodiment the nucleic acid expression construct used for expressing and secreting GHRH is embodied in plasmid having at least 90% identity to pAV0244 (SEQID No.: 63) or at least 90% identity to pAV0244 (SEQID No.: 64). Other specific embodiments utilize other nucleic acid expression constructs having at least 90% identity to: an optimized bovine GHRH plasmid, pAV0236 (SEQID No.: 28); a TI-GHRH plasmid, pAV0239 (SEQID No.: 30); wt-porcine GHRH plasmid, pAV0225 (SEQID No.: 26); ovine GHRH plasmid, pAV0240 (SEQID No.: 31); chicken GHRH plasmid, pAV0241 (SEQID No.: 32); dog GHRH plasmid, pAV0235 (SEQID No.: 27); cat GHRH plasmid, pAV0238 (SEQID No.: 29); horse GHRH plasmid, pAV0249 (SEQID No.: 33); improved wild-type porcine GHRH plasmid, pAV0242 (SEQID No.: 61); human GHRH plasmid, pAV0243 (SEQID No.: 62); synthetic RPRP-GHRH plasmid, pAV0244 (SEQID No.: 63); or synthetic RPPP-GHRH plasmid, pAV0245 (SEQID No.: 64). In a fourth specific embodiment, the nucleic acid expression construct further comprises, a transfection-facilitating polypeptide (e.g. a charged polypeptide, or poly-L-glutamate). After delivering the optimized nucleic acid expression construct into the tissues of the animals or humans, expression of the encoded GHRH or functional biological equivalent thereof is initiated. Cellular trafficking and secretion is determined by the signal peptide used in the plasmid design. In a fifth specific embodiment, species—specific and synthetic signal peptides are described, and showed to impact dramatically the production and secretion of the transgene product, in our case GHRH. The encoded GHRH comprises a biologically active polypeptide; and the encoded functional biological equivalent of GHRH is a polypeptide that has been engineered to contain a distinct amino acid sequence while simultaneously having similar or improved biologically activity when compared to the GHRH polypeptide. One embodiment of a specific encoded GHRH or functional biological equivalent thereof is of formula (SEQID No.: 14). The animal comprises a human, a food animal, a work animal (e.g. a pig, cow, sheep, goat or chicken), or a pet (e.g. horse, dog, cat).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the relative proportion of GHRH secreted from muscle cells and present into the culture media, and intracellular GHRH, as measured by specific radio-immunoassay.

FIG. 2 shows a restriction map of pAV0224 expression plasmid;

FIG. 3 shows a restriction map of pAV0225 expression plasmid;

FIG. 4 shows a restriction map of pAV0235 expression plasmid;

FIG. 5 shows a restriction map of pAV0236 expression plasmid;

FIG. 6 shows a restriction map of pAV0238 expression plasmid;

FIG. 7 shows a restriction map of pAV0239 expression plasmid;

FIG. 8 shows a restriction map of pAV0240 expression plasmid;

FIG. 9 shows a restriction map of pAV0241 expression plasmid;

FIG. 10 shows a restriction map of pAV0249 expression plasmid;

FIG. 11 shows the translation and consensus sequence of different species GHRH;

FIG. 12 shows the relative proportion of GHRH secreted from muscle cells and present into the culture media, and intracellular GHRH when the wild-type human signal peptide is compered to sythetic signal peptides RPPP and RPRP, as measured by specific radio-immunoassay;

FIG. 13 shows the absolute values of GHRH secreted from muscle cells and present into the culture media, and intracellular GHRH when the wild-type human signal peptide is compered to sythetic signal peptides RPPP and RPRP, as measured by specific radio-immunoassay;

FIG. 14 shows a restriction map of pAV0242 expression plasmid;

FIG. 15 shows a restriction map of pAV0243 expression plasmid;

FIG. 16 shows a restriction map of pAV0244 expression plasmid;

FIG. 17 shows a restriction map of pAV0245 expression plasmid.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that various substitutions and modifications may be made in the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

The term “a” or “an” as used herein in the specification may mean one or more. As used herein in the claim(s), when used in conjunction with the word “comprising”, the words “a” or “an” may mean one or more than one. As used herein “another” may mean at least a second or more.

The term “analog” as used herein includes any mutant of GHRH, or synthetic or naturally occurring peptide fragments of GHRH, such as HV-GHRH (SEQID No.: 1), pig-GHRH (SEQID No.: 2), bovine-GHRH (SEQID No.: 3), dog-GHRH (SEQID No.: 4), cat-GHRH (SEQID No.: 5), TI-GHRH (SEQID No.: 6), ovine-GHRH (SEQID No.: 7), chicken-GHRH (SEQID No.: 8), horse-GHRH (SEQID No.: 9), TV-GHRH (SEQID No.: 11), 15/27/28-GHRH (SEQID No.: 12), (1-44)NH₂ (SEQID No.: 13), (1-40)OH (SEQID No.: 10) forms, or any shorter form to no less than (1-29) amino acids.

The term “arthritis” as used herein is defined as a debilitating, chronic, systemic disease of unknown etiology that causes destruction of joint cartilage and bone. In humans, it generally occurs between the fourth and sixth decades of life, but juvenile forms are also common. It is characterized by joint stiffness, pain, and swelling, and is accompanied by a loss of body cell mass or cachexia that predominates in skeletal muscle, but also occurs in the viscera and immune system.

The term “bodily fat proportion” as used herein is defined as the body fat mass divided by the total body weight.

The term “body condition score” (BCS) as used herein is defined as a method to evaluate the overall nutrition and management of horses or any other farm animal.

The term “cassette” as used herein is defined as one or more transgene expression vectors.

The term “cell-transfecting pulse” as used herein is defined as a transmission of a force which results in transfection of a vector, such as a linear DNA fragment, into a cell. In some embodiments, the force is from electricity, as in electroporation, or the force is from vascular pressure.

The term “coding region” as used herein refers to any portion of the DNA sequence that is transcribed into messenger RNA (MRNA) and then translated into a sequence of amino acids characteristic of a specific polypeptide.

The term “Conservatively modified variations” of a particular nucleic acid sequence refers to those nucleic acids which encode identical or essentially identical amino acid sequences, or where the nucleic acid does not encode an amino acid sequence, to essentially identical sequences. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a large number of functionally identical nucleic acids encode any given polypeptide. For instance, the codons CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG all encode the amino acid arginine. Thus, at every position where an arginine is specified by a codon, the codon can be altered to any of the corresponding codons described without altering the encoded polypeptide. Such nucleic acid variations are “silent variations,” which are one species of “conservatively modified variations.” Every nucleic acid sequence herein which encodes a polypeptide also describes every possible silent variation. One of skill will recognize that each codon in a nucleic acid (except AUG, which is ordinarily the only codon for methionine) can be modified to yield a functionally identical molecule by standard techniques. Accordingly, each “silent variation” of a nucleic acid which encodes a polypeptide is implicit in each described sequence. Furthermore, one of skill will recognize that individual substitutions, deletions or additions which alter, add or delete a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids (typically less than 15%, more typically less than 5%, and even more typically less than 1%) in an encoded sequence are “conservatively modified variations” where the alterations result in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Conservative amino acid substitutions providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. The following six groups each contain amino acids that are conservative substitutions for one another:

-   -   1) Alanine (A), Serine (S), Threonine (T);     -   2) Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E);     -   3) Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q);     -   4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K);     -   5) Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V); and     -   6) Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W).

The term “delivery” or “delivering” as used herein is defined as a means of introducing a material into a tissue, a subject, a cell or any recipient, by means of chemical or biological process, injection, mixing, electroporation, sonoporation, or combination thereof, either under or without pressure.

The term “DNA fragment” or “nucleic acid expression construct” as used herein refers to a substantially double stranded DNA molecule. Although the fragment may be generated by any standard molecular biology means known in the art, in some embodiments the DNA fragment or expression construct is generated by restriction digestion of a parent DNA molecule. The terms “expression vector,” “expression cassette,” or “expression plasmid” can also be used interchangeably. Although the parent molecule may be any standard molecular biology DNA reagent, in some embodiments the parent DNA molecule is a plasmid.

The term “chronically ill” or “chronic disease” as used herein is defined as patients with conditions as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, stroke, dementia, rehabilitation after hip fracture, chronic renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple disorders in the elderly, with doctor visits and/or hospitalization once a month for at least two years.

The term “donor-subject” as used herein refers to any species of the animal kingdom wherein cells have been removed and maintained in a viable state for any period of time outside the subject.

The term “donor-cells” as used herein refers to any cells that have been removed and maintained in a viable state for any period of time outside the donor-subject.

The term “electroporation” as used herein refers to a method that utilized electric pulses to deliver a nucleic acid sequence into cells.

The terms “electrical pulse” and “electroporation” as used herein refer to the administration of an electrical current to a tissue or cell for the purpose of taking up a nucleic acid molecule into a cell. A skilled artisan recognizes that these terms are associated with the terms “pulsed electric field” “pulsed current device” and “pulse voltage device.” A skilled artisan recognizes that the amount and duration of the electrical pulse is dependent on the tissue, size, and overall health of the recipient subject, and furthermore knows how to determine such parameters empirically.

The term “encoded GHRH” as used herein is a biologically active polypeptide of growth hormone releasing hormone.

The term “functional biological equivalent” of GHRH as used herein is a polypeptide that has a distinct amino acid sequence from a wild type GHRH polypeptide while simultaneously having similar or improved biological activity when compared to the GHRH polypeptide. The functional biological equivalent may be naturally occurring or it may be modified by an individual. A skilled artisan recognizes that the similar or improved biological activity as used herein refers to facilitating and/or releasing growth hormone or other pituitary hormones. A skilled artisan recognizes that in some embodiments the encoded functional biological equivalent of GHRH is a polypeptide that has been engineered to contain a distinct amino acid sequence while simultaneously having similar or improved biological activity when compared to the GHRH polypeptide. Methods known in the art to engineer such a sequence include site-directed mutagenesis or polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

The term “GeneSwitch®” (a registered trademark of Valentis, Inc.; Burlingame, Calif.) as used herein refers to the technology of a mifepristone-inducible heterologous nucleic acid sequences encoding regulator proteins, GHRH, biological equivalent or combination thereof. A skilled artisan recognizes that antiprogesterone agent alternatives to mifepristone are available, including onapristone, ZK112993, ZK98734, and 5α pregnane-3,2-dione.

The term “growth hormone” (GH) as used herein is defined as a hormone that relates to growth and acts as a chemical messenger to exert its action on a target cell. In a specific embodiment, the growth hormone is released by the action of growth hormone releasing hormone.

The term “growth hormone releasing hormone” (GHRH) as used herein is defined as a hormone that facilitates or stimulates release of growth hormone, and in a lesser extent other pituitary hormones, such as prolactin.

The term “heterologous nucleic acid sequence” as used herein is defined as a DNA sequence comprising differing regulatory and expression elements.

The term “identical” in the context of two nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences refers to the residues in the two sequences which are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins or peptides it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acids residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g. charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule. Where sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a fill mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., according to known algorithm. See, e.g., Meyers and Miller, Computer Applic. Biol. Sci., 4: 11-17 (1988); Smith and Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482; Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443; Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 2444; Higgins and Sharp (1988) Gene, 73: 237-244 and Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS 5: 151-153; Corpet, et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Research 16, 10881-90; Huang, et al. (1992) Computer Applications in the Biosciences 8, 155-65, and Pearson, et al. (1994) Methods in Molecular Biology 24, 307-31. Alignment is also often performed by inspection and manual alignment.

The term “immunotherapy” as used herein refers to any treatment that promotes or enhances the body's immune system to build protective antibodies that will reduce the symptoms of a medical condition and/or lessen the need for medications.

The term “modified cells” as used herein is defined as the cells from a subject that have an additional nucleic acid sequence introduced into the cell.

The term “modified-donor-cells” as used herein refers to any donor-cells that have had a GHRH-encoding nucleic acid sequence delivered.

The term “molecular switch” as used herein refers to a molecule that is delivered into a subject that can regulate transcription of a gene.

The term “nucleic acid expression construct” as used herein refers to any type of genetic construct comprising a nucleic acid coding for a RNA capable of being transcribed. The term “expression vector” can also be used interchangeably herein. In specific embodiments, the nucleic acid expression construct comprises: a promoter; a nucleotide sequence of interest; and a 3′ untranslated region; wherein the promoter, the nucleotide sequence of interest, and the 3′ untranslated region are operatively linked; and in vivo expression of the nucleotide sequence of interest is regulated by the promoter.

The term “operatively linked” as used herein refers to elements or structures in nucleic acid sequences that are linked by operative ability and not physical location. The elements or structures are capable of, or characterized by accomplishing a desired operation. It is recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art that it is not necessary for elements or structures in a nucleic acid sequence to be in a tandem or adjacent order to be operatively linked.

The terms “percentage of sequence identity” as used herein compares two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e. “gaps”) as compared to a reference sequence for optimal alignment of the two sequences being compared. The percentage identity is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. Total identity is then determined as the average identity over all of the windows that cover the complete query sequence. Although not wanting to be bound by theory, computer software packages such as GAP, BESTFIT, BLASTA, FASTA and TFASTA can also be utilized to determine sequence identity.

The term “poly-L-glutamate (“PLG”)” as used herein refers to a biodegradable polymer of L-glutamic acid that is suitable for use as a vector or adjuvant for DNA transfer into cells with or without electroporation.

The term “post-injection” as used herein refers to a time period following the introduction of a nucleic acid cassette that contains heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding GHRH or a biological equivalent thereof into the cells of the subject and allowing expression of the encoded gene to occur while the modified cells are within the living organism.

The term “plasmid” as used herein refers generally to a construction comprised of extra-chromosomal genetic material, usually of a circular duplex of DNA that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA. Plasmids, or fragments thereof, may be used as vectors. Plasmids are double-stranded DNA molecule that occur or are derived from bacteria and (rarely) other microorganisms. However, mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA, yeast killer and other cases are commonly excluded.

The term “plasmid-mediated gene supplementation” as used herein refers a method to allow a subject to have prolonged exposure to a therapeutic range of a therapeutic protein by utilizing a nucleic acid-expression construct in vivo.

The term “pulse voltage device,” or “pulse voltage injection device” as used herein relates to an apparatus that is capable of causing or causes uptake of nucleic acid molecules into the cells of an organism by emitting a localized pulse of electricity to the cells. The cell membrane then destabilizes, forming passageways or pores. Conventional devices of this type are calibrated to allow one to select or adjust the desired voltage amplitude and the duration of the pulsed voltage. The primary importance of a pulse voltage device is the capability of the device to facilitate delivery of compositions of the invention, particularly linear DNA fragments, into the cells of the organism.

The term “plasmid backbone” as used herein refers to a sequence of DNA that typically contains a bacterial origin of replication, and a bacterial antibiotic selection gene, which are necessary for the specific growth of only the bacteria that are transformed with the proper plasmid. However, there are plasmids, called mini-circles, that lack both the antibiotic resistance gene and the origin of replication (Darquet et al., 1999; Darquet et al., 1997; Soubrier et al., 1999). The use of in vitro amplified expression plasmid DNA (i.e. non-viral expression systems) avoids the risks associated with viral vectors. The non-viral expression systems products generally have low toxicity due to the use of “species-specific” components for gene delivery, which minimizes the risks of immunogenicity generally associated with viral vectors. One aspect of the current invention is that the plasmid backbone does not contain viral nucleotide sequences.

The term “promoter” as used herein refers to a sequence of DNA that directs the transcription of a gene. A promoter may direct the transcription of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic gene. A promoter may be “inducible”, initiating transcription in response to an inducing agent or, in contrast, a promoter may be “constitutive”, whereby an inducing agent does not regulate the rate of transcription. A promoter may be regulated in a tissue-specific or tissue-preferred manner, such that it is only active in transcribing the operable linked coding region in a specific tissue type or types.

The term “replication element” as used herein comprises nucleic acid sequences that will lead to replication of a plasmid in a specified host. One skilled in the art of molecular biology will recognize that the replication element may include, but is not limited to a selectable marker gene promoter, a ribosomal binding site, a selectable marker gene sequence, and an origin of replication.

The term “residual linear plasmid backbone” as used herein comprises any fragment of the plasmid backbone that is left at the end of the process making the nucleic acid expression plasmid linear.

The term “recipient-subject” as used herein refers to any species of the animal kingdom wherein modified-donor-cells can be introduced from a donor-subject.

The term “regulator protein” as used herein refers to any protein that can be used to control the expression of a gene, and that is increasing the rate of transcription in response to an inducing agent.

The term “secretagogue” as used herein refers to an agent that stimulates secretion. For example, a growth hormone secretagogue is any molecule that stimulates the release of growth hormone from the pituitary when delivered into an animal. Growth hormone releasing hormone is a growth hormone secretagogue.

The term “signal peptide” as used herein refers to the addresses of proteins destined for secretion. Most secreted proteins are first synthesized as large pro-protein precursors. After their synthesis in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), these pro-proteins are post-translationally modified to give rise to mature peptides that have unique biological actions. In eukaryotic cells, signal peptides mediate targeting to the RER membrane and insertion into the translocon. Thereafter, signal sequences are cleaved from the pro-protein or pre-pro-protein and liberated into the RER membrane. The signal peptides have a role in the newly synthesized protein secretion, and may elicit other endocrine/paracrine effects.

The terms “subject” or “animal” as used herein refers to any species of the animal kingdom. In preferred embodiments, it refers more specifically to humans and domesticated animals used for: pets (e.g. cats, dogs, etc.); work (e.g. horses, etc.); food (e.g. cows, chicken, fish, lambs, pigs, etc); and all others known in the art.

The term “tissue” as used herein refers to a collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances surrounding them. A skilled artisan recognizes that a tissue is an aggregation of similarly specialized cells for the performance of a particular function. For the scope of the present invention, the term tissue does not refer to a cell line, a suspension of cells, or a culture of cells. In a specific embodiment, the tissue is electroporated in vivo. In another embodiment, the tissue is not a plant tissue. A skilled artisan recognizes that there are four basic tissues in the body: 1) epithelium; 2) connective tissues, including blood, bone, and cartilage; 3) muscle tissue; and 4) nerve tissue. In a specific embodiment, the methods and compositions are directed to transfer of linear DNA into a muscle tissue by electroporation.

The term “therapeutic element” as used herein comprises nucleic acid sequences that will lead to an in vivo expression of an encoded gene product. One skilled in the art of molecular biology will recognize that the therapeutic element may include, but is not limited to a promoter sequence, a transgene, a poly(A) sequence, or a 3′ or 5′ UTR.

The term “transfects” as used herein refers to introduction of a nucleic acid into a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is not a plant tissue or a yeast cell.

The term “vector” as used herein refers to any vehicle that delivers a nucleic acid into a cell or organism. Examples include plasmid vectors, viral vectors, liposomes, or cationic lipids. The term also refers to a construction comprised of genetic material designed to direct transformation of a targeted cell by delivering a nucleic acid sequence into that cell. A vector may contain multiple genetic elements positionally and sequentially oriented with other necessary elements such that an included nucleic acid cassette can be transcribed and when necessary translated in the transfected cells. These elements are operatively linked. The term “expression vector” refers to a DNA plasmid that contains all of the information necessary to produce a recombinant protein in a heterologous cell.

The term “viral backbone” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid sequence that does not contain a promoter, a gene, and a 3′ poly(A) signal or an untranslated region, but contain elements including, but not limited at site-specific genomic integration Rep and inverted terminal repeats (“ITRs”) or the binding site for the tRNA primer for reverse transcription, or a nucleic acid sequence component that induces a viral immunogenicity response when inserted in vivo, allows integration, affects specificity and activity of tissue specific promoters, causes transcriptional silencing or poses safety risks to the subject.

The term “vascular pressure pulse” refers to a pulse of pressure from a large volume of liquid to facilitate uptake of a vector into a cell. A skilled artisan recognizes that the amount and duration of the vascular pressure pulse is dependent on the tissue, size, and overall health of the recipient animal, and furthermore knows how to determine such parameters empirically.

Design of efficient and powerful nucleic acid expression constructs for targeted gene delivery, in particular for secreted proteins or hormones, is an important challenge. One aspect of the current invention is a method of designing new nucleic acid expression constructs that encode secreted proteins, including signal peptide sequences adequate for the target application. The method generally comprises the design of a nucleic acid expression construct that encodes a growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (“GHRH”) or functional biological equivalent thereof, including species-specific signal peptides, or modified synthetic signal sequences, adequate for each therapeutic application. Specific embodiments of this invention encompass various modes of delivering into a tissue of the subject a nucleic acid expression construct that encodes a growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (“GHRH”) or functional biological equivalent thereof (e.g. an electroporation method, a viral vector, in conjunction with a carrier, by parenteral route, or a combination thereof). In a first preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid expression construct is delivered via an electroporation method comprising: a) penetrating the tissue in the subject with a plurality of needle electrodes, wherein the plurality of needle electrodes are arranged in a spaced relationship; b) introducing the nucleic acid expression construct into the tissue between the plurality of needle electrodes; and c) applying an electrical pulse to the plurality of needle electrodes. A second preferred embodiment includes the nucleic acid expression construct being delivered in a single dose, and the single dose comprising a total of about a 0.01-10 mg of nucleic acid expression construct. Generally the nucleic acid expression construct is delivered into a tissue of the subject comprising diploid cells (e.g. muscle cells). In a third specific embodiment the nucleic acid expression construct used for transfection comprises a HV-GHRH plasmid (SEQID No.: 25). Other specific embodiments utilize other nucleic acid expression constructs (e.g. an optimized bovine GHRH plasmid, pAV0236 (SEQID No.: 28); a TI-GHRH plasmid, pAV0239 (SEQID No.: 30); wt-porcine GHRH plasmid, pAV0225 (SEQID No.: 26); ovine GHRH plasmid, pAV0240 (SEQID No.: 31); chicken GHRH plasmid, pAV0241 (SEQID No.: 32); dog GHRH plasmid, pAV0235 (SEQID No.: 27); cat GHRH plasmid, pAV0238 (SEQID No.: 29); horse GHRH plasmid, pAV0249 (SEQID No.: 33); improved wild-type porcine GHRH plasmid, pAV0242 (SEQID No.: 61); human GHRH plasmid, pAV0243 (SEQID No.: 62); synthetic RPRP-GHRH plasmid, pAV0244 (SEQID No.: 63); or synthetic RPPP-GHRH plasmid, pAV0245 (SEQID No.: 64). In a fourth specific embodiment, the nucleic acid expression construct further comprises, a transfection-facilitating polypeptide (e.g. a charged polypeptide, or poly-L-glutamate). In a fifth specific embodiment, species - specific and synthetic signal peptides are described, and showed to impact dramatically the production and secretion of the transgene product, in our case GHRH. After delivering the optimized nucleic acid expression construct into the tissues of the animals or humans, expression of the encoded GHRH or functional biological equivalent thereof is initiated. Cellular trafficking and secretion is determined by the signal peptide used in the plasmid design. The encoded GHRH comprises a biologically active polypeptide; and the encoded functional biological equivalent of GHRH is a polypeptide that has been engineered to contain a distinct amino acid sequence while simultaneously having similar or improved biologically activity when compared to the GHRH polypeptide. One embodiment of a specific encoded GHRH or functional biological equivalent thereof is of formula (SEQID No.: 14). The animal comprises a human, a food animal, a work animal (e.g. a pig, cow, sheep, goat or chicken), or a pet (e.g. dog, cat, horse).

A second aspect of the current invention includes a method of treating chronic disease in a chronically ill patient by optimized plasmid supplementation; the method comprises: designing an optimized plasmid, including species-specific signal petides; delivering into a tissue of the subject a nucleic acid expression construct that encodes a growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (GHRH) or functional biological equivalent thereof; wherein the GHRH is an aid used to improve the overall state of the chronically affected subject. The method generally comprises delivering into a tissue of the subject a nucleic acid expression construct that encodes a growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (GHRH) or functional biological equivalent thereof. Specific embodiments of the second aspect of this invention encompass various modes of delivering into the tissue of the subject the nucleic acid expression construct (e.g. an electroporation method, a viral vector, in conjunction with a carrier, by parenteral route, or a combination thereof). In a fifth preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid expression construct is delivered via an electroporation method comprising: a) penetrating the tissue in the human or farm animal with a plurality of needle electrodes, wherein the plurality of needle electrodes are arranged in a spaced relationship; b) introducing the nucleic acid expression construct into the tissue between the plurality of needle electrodes; and c) applying an electrical pulse to the plurality of needle electrodes. A sixth preferred embodiment includes the nucleic acid expression construct being delivered in a single dose, and the single dose comprising a total of about a 0.01-10 mg of nucleic acid expression construct. Generally the nucleic acid expression construct is delivered into a tissue of the subject comprising diploid cells (e.g. muscle cells). In a seventh specific embodiment the nucleic acid expression construct used for transfection comprises a HV-GHRH plasmid (SEQID No.: 25). Other specific embodiments utilize other nucleic acid expression constructs that are at least 90% identical to: an optimized bovine GHRH plasmid, pAV0236 (SEQID No.: 28); a TI-GHRH plasmid, pAV0239 (SEQID No.: 30); wt-porcine GHRH plasmid, pAV0225 (SEQID No.: 26); ovine GHRH plasmid, pAV0240 (SEQID No.: 31); chicken GHRH plasmid, pAV0241 (SEQID No.: 32); dog GHRH plasmid, pAV0235 (SEQID No.: 27); cat GHRH plasmid, pAV0238 (SEQID No.: 29); horse GHRH plasmid, pAV0249 (SEQID No.: 33); improved wild-type porcine GHRH plasmid, pAV0242 (SEQID No.: 61); human GHRH plasmid, pAV0243 (SEQID No.: 62); synthetic RPRP-GHRH plasmid, pAV0244 (SEQID No.: 63); or synthetic RPPP-GHRH plasmid, pAV0245 (SEQID No.: 64). In a eighth specific embodiment, the nucleic acid expression construct further comprises, a transfection-facilitating polypeptide (e.g. a charged polypeptide, or poly-L-glutamate). In a nine specific embodiment, species—specific and synthetic signal peptides are described, and showed to impact dramatically the production and secretion of the transgene product, in our case GHRH. After delivering the nucleic acid expression construct into the cells of the subject, expression and secretion of the encoded GHRH or functional biological equivalent thereof is initiated. Cellular trafficking and secretion is determined by the signal peptide used in the plasmid design. The encoded GHRH comprises a biologically active polypeptide; and the encoded functional biological equivalent of GHRH is a polypeptide that has been engineered to contain a distinct amino acid sequence while simultaneously having similar or improved biologically activity when compared to the GHRH polypeptide. One embodiment of a specific encoded GHRH or functional biological equivalent thereof is of formula (SEQID No.: 14). The animal comprises a human, food animal, or a work animal (e.g. a pig, cow, sheep, goat or chicken), or a pet (e.g. dog, cat, horse).

The current invention also pertains to methods useful for increasing quality of life and welfare in chronically ill subjects. The general method of this invention comprises treating a subject with an optimized plasmid mediated gene supplementation, containing a species-specific or optimized signal peptide. The method comprises delivering a nucleic acid expression construct that encodes a growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (“GHRH”) or functional biological equivalent thereof into a tissue, such as a muscle, of the subject. The subsequent in vivo expression of the GHRH or biological equivalent in the subject is sufficient to treat the chronic illness. It is also possible to enhance this method by placing a plurality of electrodes in a selected tissue, then delivering nucleic acid expression construct to the selected tissue in an area that interposes the plurality of electrodes, and applying a cell-transfecting pulse (e.g. electrical) to the selected tissue in an area of the selected tissue where the nucleic acid expression construct was delivered. However, the cell-transfecting pulse need not be an electrical pulse, a different method, such as vascular pressure pulse can also be utilized. Electroporation, direct injection, gene gun, or gold particle bombardment are also used in specific embodiments to deliver the nucleic acid expression construct encoding the GHRH or biological equivalent into the subject. The subject in this invention comprises an animal (e.g. a human, a pig, a horse, a cow, a mouse, a rat, a monkey, a sheep, a goat, a dog, or a cat).

Recombinant GH replacement therapy is widely used in agriculture and clinically, with beneficial effects, but generally, the doses are supraphysiological. Such elevated doses of recombinant GH are associated with deleterious side-effects, for example, up to 30% of the recombinant GH treated subjects develop at a higher frequency insulin resistance (Gopinath and Etherton, 1989a; Gopinath and Etherton, 1989b; Verhelst et al., 1997) or accelerated bone epiphysis growth and closure in pediatric patients (Blethen and Rundle, 1996). In addition, molecular heterogeneity of circulating GH may have important implications in growth and homeostasis (Satozawa et al., 2000; Tsunekawa et al., 1999; Wada et al., 1998). Unwanted side effects result from the fact that treatment with recombinant exogenous GH protein raises basal levels of GH and abolishes the natural episodic pulses of GH. In contradistinction, no side effects have been reported for recombinant GHRH therapies. The normal levels of GHRH in the pituitary portal circulation range from about 150-to-800 pg/ml, while systemic circulating values of the hormone are up to about 100-500 pg/ml. Some patients with acromegaly caused by extracranial tumors have level that is nearly 100 times as high (e.g. 50 ng/ml of immunoreactive GHRH) (Thorner et al., 1984). Long-term studies using recombinant GHRH therapies (1-5 years) in children and elderly humans have shown an absence of the classical GH side-effects, such as changes in fasting glucose concentration or, in pediatric patients, the accelerated bone epiphysal growth and closure or slipping of the capital femoral epiphysis (Chevalier et al., 2000) (Duck et al., 1992; Vittone et al., 1997).

Numerous studies in humans, sheep or pigs showed that continuous infusion with recombinant GHRH protein restores the normal GH pattern without desensitizing GHRH receptors or depleting GH supplies (Dubreuil et al., 1990). As this system is capable of a degree of feed-back which is abolished in the GH therapies, GHRH recombinant protein therapy may be more physiological than GH therapy. However, due to the short half-life of GHRH in vivo, frequent (one to three times per day) intravenous, subcutaneous or intranasal (requiring 300-fold higher dose) administrations are necessary (Evans et al., 1985; Thomer et al., 1986). Thus, as a chronic therapy, recombinant GHRH protein administration is not practical. A gene transfer approach, however could overcome this limitations to GHRH use. Moreover, a wide range of doses can be therapeutic. The choice of GHRH and the choice of an appropriate signal peptide for a gene therapeutic application is favored by the fact that the gene, cDNA and native and several mutated molecules have been characterized for the pig, cattle and other species (Bohlen et al., 1983; Guillemin et al., 1982); we have isolated the cDNA of cat, dog and horse specific GHRH, and their species-specific signal peptides. The measurement of therapeutic efficacy is straightforward and unequivocal.

Among the non-viral techniques for gene transfer in vivo, the direct injection of plasmid DNA into muscle is simple, inexpensive, and safe. The inefficient DNA uptake into muscle fibers after simple direct injection hag led to relatively low expression levels (Prentice et al., 1994; Wells et al., 1997) In addition, the duration of the transgene expression has been short (Wolff et al., 1990). The most successful previous clinical applications have been confined to vaccines (Danko and Wolff, 1994; Tsurumi et al., 1996). Recently, significant progress to enhance plasmid delivery in vivo and subsequently to achieve physiological levels of a secreted protein was obtained using the electroporation technique. Recently, significant progress has been obtained using electroporation to enhance plasmid delivery in vivo. Electroporation has been used very successfully to transfect tumor cells after injection of plasmid (Lucas et al., 2002; Matsubara et al., 2001) or to deliver the anti-tumor drug bleomycin to cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors in humans (Gehl et al., 1998; Heller et al., 1996). Electroporation also has been extensively used in mice (Lesbordes et al., 2002; Lucas et al., 2001; Vilquin et al., 2001), rats (Terada et al., 2001; Yasui et al., 2001), and dogs (Fewell et al., 2001) to deliver therapeutic genes that encode for a variety of hormones, cytokines or enzymes. Our previous studies using growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) showed that plasmid therapy with electroporation is scalable and represents a promising approach to induce production and regulated secretion of proteins in large animals and humans (Draghia-Akli et al., 1999; Draghia-Akli et al., 2002c). Electroporation also has been extensively used in rodents and other small animals (Bettan et al., 2000; Yin and Tang, 2001). It has been observed that the electrode configuration affects the electric field distribution, and subsequent results (Gehl et al., 1999; Miklavcic et al., 1998). Preliminary experiments indicated that for a large animal model, needle electrodes give consistently better reproducible results than external caliper electrodes.

The ability of electroporation to enhance plasmid uptake into the skeletal muscle has been well documented, as described above. In addition, plasmid formulated with PLG or polyvinylpyrrolidone (“PVP”) has been observed to increase gene transfection and consequently gene expression to up to 10-fold in the skeletal muscle of mice, rats and dogs (Fewell et al., 2001; Mumper et al., 1998). Although not wanting to be bound by theory, PLG will increase the transfection of the plasmid during the electroporation process, not only by stabilizing the plasmid DNA, and facilitating the intracellular transport through the membrane pores, but also through an active mechanism. For example, positively charged surface proteins on the cells could complex the negatively charged PLG linked to plasmid DNA through protein-protein interactions. When an electric field is applied, the surface proteins reverse direction and actively internalize the DNA molecules, process that substantially increases the transfection efficiency.

The plasmid supplementation approach to treat chronic illness in subjects using appropriate plasmids for each application, including appropriate signal peptides described herein offers advantages over the limitations of directly injecting recombinant GH or GHRH protein. Expression and secretion from the producing cells of novel biological equivalents of GHRH that are serum protease resistant can be directed by an expression plasmid controlled by a synthetic muscle-specific promoter, and containing signal peptides that favor secretion or retention of proteins within the cell. Expression of such GHRH or biological equivalent thereof elicited high GH and IGF-I levels in subjects that have had the encoding sequences delivered into the cells of the subject by intramuscular injection and in vivo electroporation. Although in vivo electroporation is the preferred method of introducing the heterologous nucleic acid encoding system into the cells of the subject, other methods exist and should be known by a person skilled in the art (e.g. electroporation, lipofectamine, calcium phosphate, ex vivo transformation, direct injection, DEAE dextran, sonication loading, receptor mediated transfection, microprojectile bombardment, etc.). For example, it may also be possible to introduce the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the GHRH or functional biological equivalent thereof directly into the cells of the subject by first removing the cells from the body of the subject or donor, maintaining the cells in culture, then introducing the nucleic acid encoding system by a variety of methods (e.g. electroporation, lipofectamine, calcium phosphate, ex vivo transformation, direct injection, DEAE dextran, sonication loading, receptor mediated transfection, microprojectile bombardment, etc.), and finally reintroducing the modified cells into the original subject or other host subject (the ex vivo method). The GHRH sequence can be cloned into an adenovirus vector or an adeno-associated vector and delivered by simple intramuscular injection, or intravenously or intra-arterially. Plasmid DNA carrying the GHRH sequence can be complexed with cationic lipids or liposomes and delivered intramuscularly, intravenously or subcutaneous.

Administration as used herein refers to the route of introduction of a plasmid, vector or carrier of DNA into the body. Administration can be directly to a target tissue or by targeted delivery to the target tissue after systemic administration. In particular, the present invention can be used for treating disease by administration of the plasmid or vector to the body in order to establishing controlled expression of any specific nucleic acid sequence within tissues at certain levels that are useful for plasmid mediated supplementation. The preferred means for administration of vector and use of formulations for delivery are described above.

Muscle cells have the unique ability to take up DNA from the extracellular space after simple injection of DNA particles as a solution, suspension, or colloid into the muscle. Expression of DNA by this method can be sustained for several months. DNA uptake in muscle cells is further enhance utilizing in vivo electroporation.

Delivery of formulated DNA vectors involves incorporating DNA into macromolecular complexes that undergo endocytosis by the target cell. Such complexes may include lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, synthetic organic compounds, or inorganic compounds. The characteristics of the complex formed with the vector (size, charge, surface characteristics, composition) determine the bioavailability of the vector within the body. Other elements of the formulation function as ligands that interact with specific receptors on the surface or interior of the cell. Other elements of the formulation function to enhance entry into the cell, release from the endosome, and entry into the nucleus.

Delivery can also be through use of DNA transporters. DNA transporters refer to molecules which bind to DNA vectors and are capable of being taken up by epidermal cells. DNA transporters contain a molecular complex capable of non-covalently binding to DNA and efficiently transporting the DNA through the cell membrane. It is preferable that the transporter also transports the DNA through the nuclear membrane. See, e.g., the following applications all of which (including drawings) are hereby incorporated by reference herein: (1) Woo et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,168 entitled: “A DNA Transporter System and Method of Use;” (2) Woo et al., PCT/US93/02725, entitled “A DNA Transporter System and method of Use”, filed Mar. 19, 1993; (3) Woo et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,554 “Nucleic Acid Transporter Systems and Methods of Use;” (4) Szoka et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,365 entitled “Self-Assembling Polynucleotide Delivery System;” and (5) Szoka et al., PCT/US93/03406, entitled “Self-Assembling Polynucleotide Delivery System”, filed Apr. 5, 1993.

Another method of delivery involves a DNA transporter system. The DNA transporter system consists of particles containing several elements that are independently and non-covalently bound to DNA. Each element consists of a ligand which recognizes specific receptors or other functional groups such as a protein complexed with a cationic group that binds to DNA. Examples of cations which may be used are spermine, spermine derivatives, histone, cationic peptides and/or polylysine; one element is capable of binding both to the DNA vector and to a cell surface receptor on the target cell. Examples of such elements are organic compounds which interact with the asialoglycoprotein receptor, the folate receptor, the mannose-6-phosphate receptor, or the carnitine receptor. A second element is capable of binding both to the DNA vector and to a receptor on the nuclear membrane. The nuclear ligand is capable of recognizing and transporting a transporter system through a nuclear membrane. An example of such ligand is the nuclear targeting sequence from SV40 large T antigen or histone. A third element is capable of binding to both the DNA vector and to elements which induce episomal lysis. Examples include inactivated virus particles such as adenovirus, peptides related to influenza virus hemagglutinin, or the GALA peptide described in the Skoka patent cited above.

Administration may also involve lipids. The lipids may form liposomes which are hollow spherical vesicles composed of lipids arranged in unilamellar, bilamellar, or multilamellar fashion and an internal aqueous space for entrapping water soluble compounds, such as DNA, ranging in size from 0.05 to several microns in diameter. Lipids may be useful without forming liposomes. Specific examples include the use of cationic lipids and complexes containing DOPE which interact with DNA and with the membrane of the target cell to facilitate entry of DNA into the cell.

Gene delivery can also be performed by transplanting genetically engineered cells. For example, immature muscle cells called myoblasts may be used to carry genes into the muscle fibers. Myoblast genetically engineered to express recombinant human growth hormone can secrete the growth hormone into the animal's blood. Secretion of the incorporated gene can be sustained over extended periods of time.

Myoblasts eventually differentiate and fuse to existing muscle tissue. Myoblasts can easily be obtained by taking muscle tissue from an individual who needs plasmid-mediated supplementation and the genetically engineered cells can also be easily put back with out causing damage to the patient's muscle. Similarly, keratinocytes may be used to delivery genes to tissues. Large numbers of keratinocytes can be generated by cultivation of a small biopsy. The cultures can be prepared as stratified sheets and when grafted to humans, generate epidermis which continues to improve in histotypic quality over many years. The keratinocytes are genetically engineered while in culture by transfecting with an appropriate vector. Although keratinocytes are separated from the circulation by the basement membrane dividing the epidermis from the dermis, human keratinocytes secrete into circulation the protein produced.

Delivery may also involve the use of viral vectors. For example, an adenoviral vector may be constructed by replacing the El region of the virus genome with the vector elements described in this invention including promoter, 5′UTR, 3′UTR and nucleic acid cassette and introducing this recombinant genome into 293 cells which will package this gene into an infectious virus particle. Virus from this cell may then be used to infect tissue ex vivo or in vivo to introduce the vector into tissues leading to expression of the gene in the nucleic acid cassette.

Although not wanting to be bound by theory, it is believed that in order to provide an acceptable safety margin for the use of such heterologous nucleic acid sequences in humans, a regulated gene expression system is mandated to possess low levels of basal expression of GHRH, and still retain a high ability to induce. Thus, targeted gene expression can be regulated by incorporating molecular switch technology. The HV-GHRH (SEQID No.: 1) or biological equivalent molecule displays a high degree of stability in serum, with a half-life of 6 hours, versus the natural GHRH, that has a 6-12 minutes half-life. Thus, by combining the powerful electroporation DNA delivery method with stable and regulable GHRH or biological equivalent encoded nucleic acid sequences, a therapy can be utilized that will enhance animal welfare, decrease culling rates and increase body condition scores.

Vectors

The term “vector” is used to refer to a carrier nucleic acid molecule into which a nucleic acid sequence can be inserted for introduction into a cell wherein, in some embodiments, it can be replicated. A nucleic acid sequence can be native to the animal, or it can be “exogenous,” which means that it is foreign to the cell into which the vector is being introduced or that the sequence is homologous to a sequence in the cell but in a position within the host cell nucleic acid in which the sequence is ordinarily not found. Vectors include plasmids, cosmids, viruses (bacteriophage, animal viruses, and plant viruses), linear DNA fragments, and artificial chromosomes (e.g., YACs), although in a preferred embodiment the vector contains substantially no viral sequences. One of skill in the art would be well equipped to construct a vector through standard recombinant techniques.

The term “expression vector” refers to any type of genetic construct comprising a nucleic acid coding for a RNA capable of being transcribed. In some cases, RNA molecules are then translated into a protein, polypeptide, or peptide. In other cases, these sequences are not translated, for example, in the production of antisense molecules or ribozymes. Expression vectors can contain a variety of “control sequences,” which refer to nucleic acid sequences necessary for the transcription and possibly translation of an operatively linked coding sequence in a particular host cell. In addition to control sequences that govern transcription and translation, vectors and expression vectors may contain nucleic acid sequences that serve other functions as well and are described infra.

Plasmid Vectors

In certain embodiments, a linear DNA fragment from a plasmid vector is contemplated for use to transfect a eukaryotic cell, particularly a mammalian cell. In general, plasmid vectors containing replicon and control sequences which are derived from species compatible with the host cell are used in connection with these hosts. The vector ordinarily carries a replication site, as well as marking sequences which are capable of providing phenotypic selection in transformed cells. In a non-limiting example, E. coli is often transformed using derivatives of pBR322, a plasmid derived from an E. coli species. pBR322 contains genes for ampicillin and tetracycline resistance and thus provides easy means for identifying transformed cells. Other plasmids contain genes for kanamycin or neomycin, or have a non-antibiotic selection mechanism. The pBR plasmid, or other microbial plasmid or phage must also contain, or be modified to contain, for example, promoters which can be used by the microbial organism for expression of its own proteins. A skilled artisan recognizes that any plasmid in the art may be modified for use in the methods of the present invention. In a specific embodiment, for example, a GHRH vector used for the therapeutic applications is synthetically produced and has a kanamycin resistance gene.

In addition, phage vectors containing replicon and control sequences that are compatible with the host microorganism can be used as transforming vectors in connection with these hosts. For example, the phage lambda GEM™-11 may be utilized in making a recombinant phage vector which can be used to transform host cells, such as, for example, E. coli LE392.

Further useful plasmid vectors include pIN vectors (Inouye et al., 1985); and pGEX vectors, for use in generating glutathione S-transferase soluble fusion proteins for later purification and separation or cleavage. Other suitable fusion proteins are those with β-galactosidase, ubiquitin, and the like.

Bacterial host cells, for example, E. coli, comprising the expression vector, are grown in any of a number of suitable media, for example LB. The expression of the recombinant protein in certain vectors may be induced, as would be understood by those of skill in the art, by contacting a host cell with an agent specific for certain promoters, e.g., by adding IPTG to the media or by switching incubation to a higher temperature. After culturing the bacteria for a further period, generally of between 2 and 24 h, the cells are collected by centrifugation and washed to remove residual media.

Promoters and Enhancers

A promoter is a control sequence that is a region of a nucleic acid sequence at which initiation and rate of transcription of a gene product are controlled. It may contain genetic elements at which regulatory proteins and molecules may bind, such as RNA polymerase and other transcription factors, to initiate the specific transcription a nucleic acid sequence. The phrases “operatively positioned,” “operatively linked,” “under control”, and “under transcriptional control” mean that a promoter is in a correct functional location and/or orientation in relation to a nucleic acid sequence to control transcriptional initiation and/or expression of that sequence.

A promoter generally comprises a sequence that functions to position the start site for RNA synthesis. The best known example of this is the TATA box, but in some promoters lacking a TATA box, such as, for example, the promoter for the mammalian terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase gene and the promoter for the SV40 late genes, a discrete element overlying the start site itself helps to fix the place of initiation. Additional promoter elements regulate the frequency of transcriptional initiation. Typically, these are located in the region 30-110 bp upstream of the start site, although a number of promoters have been shown to contain functional elements downstream of the start site as well. To bring a coding sequence “under the control of” a promoter, one positions the 5′ end of the transcription initiation site of the transcriptional reading frame “downstream” of (i.e., 3′ of) the chosen promoter. The “upstream” promoter stimulates transcription of the DNA and promotes expression of the encoded RNA.

The spacing between promoter elements frequently is flexible, so that promoter function is preserved when elements are inverted or moved relative to one another. In the thymidine kinase promoter, the spacing between promoter elements can be increased to 50 bp apart before activity begins to decline. Depending on the promoter, it appears that individual elements can function either cooperatively or independently to activate transcription. A promoter may or may not be used in conjunction with an “enhancer,” which refers to a cis-acting regulatory sequence involved in the transcriptional activation of a nucleic acid sequence.

A promoter may be one naturally associated with a nucleic acid sequence, as may be obtained by isolating the 5′ non-coding sequences located upstream of the coding segment and/or exon. Such a promoter can be referred to as “endogenous.”0 Similarly, an enhancer may be one naturally associated with a nucleic acid sequence, located either downstream or upstream of that sequence. Alternatively, certain advantages will be gained by positioning the coding nucleic acid segment under the control of a recombinant, synthetic or heterologous promoter, which refers to a promoter that is not normally associated with a nucleic acid sequence in its natural environment. A recombinant, synthetic or heterologous enhancer refers also to an enhancer not normally associated with a nucleic acid sequence in its natural environment. Such promoters or enhancers may include promoters or enhancers of other genes, and promoters or enhancers isolated from any other virus, or prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, and promoters or enhancers not “naturally occurring,” i.e., containing different elements of different transcriptional regulatory regions, and/or mutations that alter expression. For example, promoters that are most commonly used in recombinant DNA construction include the β-lactamase (penicillinase), lactose and tryptophan (trp) promoter systems. In addition to producing nucleic acid sequences of promoters and enhancers synthetically, sequences may be produced using recombinant cloning and/or nucleic acid amplification technology, including PCR™, in connection with the compositions disclosed herein (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,202 and 5,928,906, each incorporated herein by reference). Furthermore, it is contemplated the control sequences that direct transcription and/or expression of sequences within non-nuclear organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the like, can be employed as well.

Naturally, it will be important to employ a promoter and/or enhancer that effectively directs the expression of the DNA segment in the organelle, cell type, tissue, organ, or organism chosen for expression. Those of skill in the art of molecular biology generally know the use of promoters, enhancers, and cell type combinations for protein expression. The promoters employed may be constitutive, tissue-specific, inducible, and/or useful under the appropriate conditions to direct high level expression of the introduced DNA segment, such as is advantageous in the large-scale production of recombinant proteins and/or peptides. The promoter may be heterologous or endogenous.

Additionally any promoter/enhancer combination (as per, for example, the Eukaryotic Promoter Data Base EPDB, http://www.epd.isb-sib.ch/) could also be used to drive expression. Use of a T3, T7 or SP6 cytoplasmic expression system is another possible embodiment. Eukaryotic cells can support cytoplasmic transcription from certain bacterial promoters if the appropriate bacterial polymerase is provided, either as part of the delivery complex or as an additional genetic expression construct.

Tables 1 and 2 list non-limiting examples of elements/promoters that may be employed, in the context of the present invention, to regulate the expression of a RNA. Table 2 provides non-limiting examples of inducible elements, which are regions of a nucleic acid sequence that can be activated in response to a specific stimulus. TABLE 1 Promoter and/or Enhancer Promoter/Enhancer Relevant References β-Actin (Kawamoto et al., 1988; Kawamoto et al., 1989) Muscle Creatine (Horlick and Benfield, 1989; Jaynes et al., 1988) Kinase (MCK) Metallothionein (Inouye et al., 1994; Narum et al., 2001; (MTII) Skroch et al., 1993) Albumin (Pinkert et al., 1987; Tronche et al., 1989) β-Globin (Tronche et al., 1990; Trudel and Costantini, 1987) Insulin (German et al., 1995; Ohlsson et al., 1991) Rat Growth Hormone (Larsen et al., 1986) Troponin I (TN I) (Lin et al., 1991; Yutzey and Konieczny, 1992) Platelet-Derived (Pech et al., 1989) Growth Factor (PDGF) Duchenne Muscular (Klamut et al., 1990; Klamut et al., 1996) Dystrophy Cytomegalovirus (Boshart et al., 1985; Dorsch-Hasler et al., 1985) (CMV) Synthetic muscle (Draghia-Akli et al., 1999; Draghia-Akli et al, specific promoters 2002c; Li et al., 1999) (c5-12, c1-28)

TABLE 2 Element/Inducer Element Inducer MT II Phorbol Ester (TFA) Heavy metals MMTV (mouse mammary Glucocorticoids tumor virus) β-Interferon Poly(rI)x/Poly(rc) Adenovirus 5 E2 ElA Collagenase Phorbol Ester (TPA) Stromelysin Phorbol Ester (TPA) SV40 Phorbol Ester (TPA) Murine MX Gene Interferon, Newcastle Disease Virus GRP78 Gene A23187 α-2-Macroglobulin IL-6 Vimentin Serum MHC Class I Gene H-2κb Interferon HSP70 ElA, SV40 Large T Antigen Proliferin Phorbol Ester-TPA Tumor Necrosis Factor α PMA Thyroid Stimulating Thyroid Hormone Hormone α Gene

The identity of tissue-specific promoters or elements, as well as assays to characterize their activity, is well known to those of skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of such regions include the human LIMK2 gene (Nomoto et al., 1999), the somatostatin receptor 2 gene (Kraus et al., 1998), murine epididymal retinoic acid-binding gene (Lareyre et al., 1999), human CD4 (Zhao-Emonet et al., 1998), mouse alpha2 (XI) collagen (Liu et al., 2000; Tsumaki et al., 1998), DIA dopamine receptor gene (Lee et al., 1997), insulin-like growth factor II (Dai et al., 2001; Wu et al., 1997), and human platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (Almendro et al., 1996).

In a preferred embodiment, a synthetic muscle promoter is utilized, such as SPc5-12 (Li et al., 1999), which contains a proximal serum response element (“SRE”) from skeletal a-actin, multiple MEF-2 sites, MEF-1 sites, and TEF-1 binding sites, and greatly exceeds the transcriptional potencies of natural myogenic promoters. The uniqueness of such a synthetic promoter is a significant improvement over, for instance, issued patents concerning a myogenic promoter and its use (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,544) or systems for myogenic expression of a nucleic acid sequence (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,422). In a preferred embodiment, the promoter utilized in the invention does not get shut off or reduced in activity significantly by endogenous cellular machinery or factors. Other elements, including trans-acting factor binding sites and enhancers may be used in accordance with this embodiment of the invention. In an alternative embodiment, a natural myogenic promoter is utilized, and a skilled artisan is aware how to obtain such promoter sequences from databases including the National Center for Biotechnology Information (“NCBI”) GenBank database or the NCBI PubMed site. A skilled artisan is aware that these databases may be utilized to obtain sequences or relevant literature related to the present invention.

Initiation Signals and Internal Ribosome Binding Sites

A specific initiation signal also may be required for efficient translation of coding sequences. These signals include the ATG initiation codon or adjacent sequences. Exogenous translational control signals, including the ATG initiation codon, may need to be provided. One of ordinary skill in the art would readily be capable of determining this and providing the necessary signals. It is well known that the initiation codon must be “in-frame” with the reading frame of the desired coding sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert. The exogenous translational control signals and initiation codons can be either natural or synthetic. The efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of appropriate transcription enhancer elements.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the use of internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) elements are used to create multigene, or polycistronic, messages. IRES elements are able to bypass the ribosome scanning model of 5′ methylated Cap dependent translation and begin translation at internal sites (Pelletier and Sonenberg, 1988). IRES elements from two members of the picornavirus family (polio and encephalomyocarditis) have been described (Pelletier and Sonenberg, 1988), as well an IRES from a mammalian message (Macejak and Sarnow, 1991). IRES elements can be linked to heterologous open reading frames. Multiple open reading frames can be transcribed together, each separated by an IRES, creating polycistronic messages. By virtue of the IRES element, each open reading frame is accessible to ribosomes for efficient translation. Multiple genes can be efficiently expressed using a single promoter/enhancer to transcribe a single message (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,925,565 and 5,935,819, each herein incorporated by reference).

Multiple Cloning Sites

Vectors can include a MCS, which is a nucleic acid region that contains multiple restriction enzyme sites, any of which can be used in conjunction with standard recombinant technology to digest the vector (see, for example, (Carbonelli et al., 1999; Cocea, 1997; Levenson et al., 1998) incorporated herein by reference). “Restriction enzyme digestion” refers to catalytic cleavage of a nucleic acid molecule with an enzyme that functions only at specific locations in a nucleic acid molecule. Restriction enzymes are commercially available. Use of such enzymes is widely understood by those of skill in the art. Frequently, a vector is linearized or fragmented using a restriction enzyme that cuts within the MCS to enable exogenous sequences to be ligated to the vector. “Ligation” refers to the process of forming phosphodiester bonds between two nucleic acid fragments, which may or may not be contiguous with each other. Techniques involving restriction enzymes and ligation reactions are well known to those of skill in the art of recombinant technology.

Splicing Sites

Most transcribed eukaryotic RNA molecules will undergo RNA splicing to remove introns from the primary transcripts. Vectors containing genomic eukaryotic sequences may require donor and/or acceptor splicing sites to ensure proper processing of the transcript for protein expression (see, for example, (Chandler et al., 1997).

Termination Signals

The vectors or constructs of the present invention will generally comprise at least one termination signal. A “termination signal” or “terminator” is comprised of the DNA sequences involved in specific termination of an RNA transcript by an RNA polymerase. Thus, in certain embodiments a termination signal that ends the production of an RNA transcript is contemplated. A terminator may be necessary in vivo to achieve desirable message levels.

In eukaryotic systems, the terminator region may also comprise specific DNA sequences that permit site-specific cleavage of the new transcript so as to expose a polyadenylation site. This signals a specialized endogenous polymerase to add a stretch of about 200 A residues (“polyA”) to the 3′ end of the transcript. RNA molecules modified with this polyA tail appear to more stable and are translated more efficiently. Thus, in other embodiments involving eukaryotes, it is preferred that that terminator comprises a signal for the cleavage of the RNA, and it is more preferred that the terminator signal promotes polyadenylation of the message. The terminator and/or polyadenylation site elements can serve to enhance message levels and to minimize read through from the cassette into other sequences.

Terminators contemplated for use in the invention include any known terminator of transcription described herein or known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including but not limited to, for example, the termination sequences of genes, such as for example the bovine growth hormone terminator or viral termination sequences, such as for example the SV40 terminator. In certain embodiments, the termination signal may be a lack of transcribable or translatable sequence, such as due to a sequence truncation.

Polyadenylation Signals

In expression, particularly eukaryotic expression, one will typically include a polyadenylation signal to effect proper polyadenylation of the transcript. Preferred embodiments include the SV40 polyadenylation signal, skeletal alpha actin 3′UTR or the human or bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal, convenient and known to function well in various target cells. Polyadenylation may increase the stability of the transcript or may facilitate cytoplasmic transport.

Origins of Replication

In order to propagate a vector in a host cell, it may contain one or more origins of replication sites (often termed “ori”), which is a specific nucleic acid sequence at which replication is initiated. Alternatively an autonomously replicating sequence (“ARS”) can be employed if the host cell is yeast.

Selectable and Screenable Markers

In certain embodiments of the invention, cells containing a nucleic acid construct of the present invention may be identified in vitro or in vivo by including a marker in the expression vector. Such markers would confer an identifiable change to the cell permitting easy identification of cells containing the expression vector. Generally, a selectable marker is one that confers a property that allows for selection. A positive selectable marker is one in which the presence of the marker allows for its selection, while a negative selectable marker is one in which its presence prevents its selection. An example of a positive selectable marker is a drug resistance marker.

Usually the inclusion of a drug selection marker aids in the cloning and identification of transformants, for example, genes that confer resistance to neomycin, puromycin, hygromycin, DHFR, GPT, zeocin and histidinol are useful selectable markers. In addition to markers conferring a phenotype that allows for the discrimination of transformants based on the implementation of conditions, other types of markers including screenable markers such as GFP, whose basis is calorimetric analysis, are also contemplated. Alternatively, screenable enzymes such as herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (tk) or chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) may be utilized. One of skill in the art would also know how to employ immunologic markers, possibly in conjunction with FACS analysis. The marker used is not believed to be important, so long as it is capable of being expressed simultaneously with the nucleic acid encoding a gene product. Further examples of selectable and screenable markers are well known to one of skill in the art.

Mutagenesis

Where employed, mutagenesis was accomplished by a variety of standard, mutagenic procedures. Mutation is the process whereby changes occur in the quantity or structure of an organism. Mutation can involve modification of the nucleotide sequence of a single gene, blocks of genes or whole chromosome. Changes in single genes may be the consequence of point mutations which involve the removal, addition or substitution of a single nucleotide base within a DNA sequence, or they may be the consequence of changes involving the insertion or deletion of large numbers of nucleotides.

Mutations can arise spontaneously as a result of events such as errors in the fidelity of DNA replication or the movement of transposable genetic elements (transposons) within the genome. They also are induced following exposure to chemical or physical mutagens. Such mutation-inducing agents include ionizing radiations, ultraviolet light and a diverse array of chemical such as alkylating agents and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons all of which are capable of interacting either directly or indirectly (generally following some metabolic biotransformations) with nucleic acids. The DNA lesions induced by such environmental agents may lead to modifications of base sequence when the affected DNA is replicated or repaired and thus to a mutation. Mutation also can be site-directed through the use of particular targeting methods.

Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Structure-guided site-specific mutagenesis represents a powerful tool for the dissection and engineering of protein-ligand interactions (Wells, 1996, Braisted et al., 1996). The technique provides for the preparation and testing of sequence variants by introducing one or more nucleotide sequence changes into a selected DNA.

Site-specific mutagenesis uses specific oligonucleotide sequences which encode the DNA sequence of the desired mutation, as well as a sufficient number of adjacent, unmodified nucleotides. In this way, a primer sequence is provided with sufficient size and complexity to form a stable duplex on both sides of the deletion junction being traversed. A primer of about 17 to 25 nucleotides in length is preferred, with about 5 to 10 residues on both sides of the junction of the sequence being altered.

The technique typically employs a bacteriophage vector that exists in both a single-stranded and double-stranded form. Vectors useful in site-directed mutagenesis include vectors such as the M13 phage. These phage vectors are commercially available and their use is generally well known to those skilled in the art. Double-stranded plasmids are also routinely employed in site-directed mutagenesis, which eliminates the step of transferring the gene of interest from a phage to a plasmid.

In general, one first obtains a single-stranded vector, or melts two strands of a double-stranded vector, which includes within its sequence a DNA sequence encoding the desired protein or genetic element. An oligonucleotide primer bearing the desired mutated sequence, synthetically prepared, is then annealed with the single-stranded DNA preparation, taking into account the degree of mismatch when selecting hybridization conditions. The hybridized product is subjected to DNA polymerizing enzymes such as E. coli polymerase I (Klenow fragment) in order to complete the synthesis of the mutation-bearing strand. Thus, a heteroduplex is formed, wherein one strand encodes the original non-mutated sequence, and the second strand bears the desired mutation. This heteroduplex vector is then used to transform appropriate host cells, such as E. coli cells, and clones are selected that include recombinant vectors bearing the mutated sequence arrangement.

Comprehensive information on the functional significance and information content of a given residue of protein can best be obtained by saturation mutagenesis in which all 19 amino acid substitutions are examined. The shortcoming of this approach is that the logistics of multi-residue saturation mutagenesis are daunting (Warren et al., 1996, Brown et al., 1996; Zeng et al., 1996; Burton and Barbas, 1994; Yelton et al., 1995; Jackson et al., 1995; Short et al., 1995; Wong et al., 1996; Hilton et al., 1996). Hundreds, and possibly even thousands, of site-specific mutants must be studied. However, improved techniques make production and rapid-screening of mutants much more straightforward. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,798,208 and 5,830,650, for a description of “walk-through” mutagenesis. Other methods of site-directed mutagenesis are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,220,007; 5,284,760; 5,354,670; 5,366,878; 5,389,514; 5,635,377; and 5,789,166.

Electroporation

In certain embodiments of the present invention, a nucleic acid is introduced into an organelle, a cell, a tissue or an organism via electroporation. Electroporation involves the exposure of a suspension of cells and DNA to a high-voltage electric discharge. In some variants of this method, certain cell wall-degrading enzymes, such as pectin-degrading enzymes, are employed to render the target recipient cells more susceptible to transformation by electroporation than untreated cells (U.S. Pat. No.5,384,253, incorporated herein by reference). Alternatively, recipient cells can be made more susceptible to transformation by mechanical wounding and other methods known in the art.

Transfection of eukaryotic cells using electroporation has been quite successful. Mouse pre-B lymphocytes have been transfected with human kappa-immunoglobulin genes (Potter et al., 1984), and rat hepatocytes have been transfected with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (Tur-Kaspa et al., 1986) in this manner.

The underlying phenomenon of electroporation is believed to be the same in all cases, but the exact mechanism responsible for the observed effects has not been elucidated. Although not wanting to be bound by theory, the overt manifestation of the electroporative effect is that cell membranes become transiently permeable to large molecules, after the cells have been exposed to electric pulses. There are conduits through cell walls, which under normal circumstances maintain a resting transmembrane potential of circa 90 mV by allowing bi-directional ionic migration.

Although not wanting to be bound by theory, electroporation makes use of the same structures, by forcing a high ionic flux through these structures and opening or enlarging the conduits. In prior art, metallic electrodes are placed in contact with tissues and predetermined voltages, proportional to the distance between the electrodes are imposed on them. The protocols used for electroporation are defined in terms of the resulting field intensities, according to the formula E=V/d, where (“E”) is the field, (“V”) is the imposed voltage and (“d”) is the distance between the electrodes.

The electric field intensity E has been a very important value in prior art when formulating electroporation protocols for the delivery of a drug or macromolecule into the cell of the subject. Accordingly, it is possible to calculate any electric field intensity for a variety of protocols by applying a pulse of predetermined voltage that is proportional to the distance between electrodes. However, a caveat is that an electric field can be generated in a tissue with insulated electrodes (i.e. flow of ions is not necessary to create an electric field). Although not wanting to be bound by theory, it is the current that is necessary for successful electroporation not electric field per se.

During electroporation, the heat produced is the product of the inter-electrode impedance, the square of the current, and the pulse duration. Heat is produced during electroporation in tissues and can be derived as the product of the inter-electrode current, voltage and pulse duration. The protocols currently described for electroporation are defined in terms of the resulting field intensities E, which are dependent on short voltage pulses of unknown current. Accordingly, the resistance or heat generated in a tissue cannot be determined, which leads to varied success with different pulsed voltage electroporation protocols with predetermined voltages. The ability to limit heating of cells across electrodes can increase the effectiveness of any given electroporation voltage pulsing protocol. For example, prior art teaches the utilization of an array of two, four or six needle electrodes utilizing a predetermined voltage pulse across opposing electrode pairs. This situation sets up a centralized pattern during an electroporation event in an area where congruent and intersecting overlap points develop. Excessive heating of cells and tissue along electroporation path will kill the cells, and limit the effectiveness of the protocol. However, symmetrically arranged needle electrodes without opposing pairs can produce a decentralized pattern during an electroporation event in an area where no congruent electroporation overlap points can develop.

Controlling the current flow between electrodes allows one to determine the relative heating of cells. Thus, it is the current that determines the subsequent effectiveness of any given pulsing protocol and not the voltage across the electrodes. Predetermined voltages do not produce predetermined currents, and prior art does not provide a means to determine the exact dosage of current, which limits the usefulness of the technique. Thus, controlling an maintaining the current in the tissue between two electrodes under a threshold will allow one to vary the pulse conditions, reduce cell heating, create less cell death, and incorporate macromolecules into cells more efficiently when compared to predetermined voltage pulses.

Overcoming the above problem by providing a means to effectively control the dosage of electricity delivered to the cells in the inter-electrode space by precisely controlling the ionic flux that impinges on the conduits in the cell membranes. The precise dosage of electricity to tissues can be calculated as the product of the current level, the pulse length and the number of pulses delivered. Thus, a specific embodiment of the present invention can deliver the electroporative current to a volume of tissue along a plurality of paths without, causing excessive concentration of cumulative current in any one location, thereby avoiding cell death owing to overheating of the tissue.

Although not wanting to be bound by theory, the nature of the voltage pulse to be generated is determine by the nature of tissue, the size of the selected tissue and distance between electrodes. It is desirable that the voltage pulse be as homogenous as possible and of the correct amplitude. Excessive field strength results in the lysing of cells, whereas a low field strength results in reduced efficacy of electroporation. Some electroporation devices utilize the distance between electrodes to calculate the electric field strength and predetermined voltage pulses for electroporation. This reliance on knowing the distance between electrodes is a limitation to the design of electrodes. Because the programmable current pulse controller will determine the impedance in a volume of tissue between two electrodes, the distance between electrodes is not a critical factor for determining the appropriate electrical current pulse. Therefore, an alternative embodiment of a needle electrode array design would be one that is non-symmetrical. In addition, one skilled in the art can imagine any number of suitable symmetrical and non-symmetrical needle electrode arrays that do not deviate from the spirit and scope of the invention. The depth of each individual electrode within an array and in the desired tissue could be varied with comparable results. In addition, multiple injection sites for the macromolecules could be added to the needle electrode array.

Restriction Enzymes

In some embodiments of the present invention, a linear DNA fragment is generated by restriction enzyme digestion of a parent DNA molecule. Examples of restriction enzymes are provided below. Name Recognition Sequence AatII GACGTC Acc65 I GGTACC Acc I GTMKAC Aci I CCGC Acl I AACGTT Afe I AGCGCT Afl II CTTAAG Afl III ACRYGT Age I ACCGGT Ahd I GACNNNNNGTC Alu I AGCT Alw I GGATC AlwN I CAGNNNCTG Apa I GGGCCC ApaL I GTGCAC Apo I RAATTY Asc I GGCGCGCC Ase I ATTAAT Ava I CYCGRG Ava II GGWCC Avr II CCTAGG Bae I NACNNNNGTAPyCN BamH I GGATCC Ban I GGYRCC Ban II GRGCYC Bbs I GAAGAC Bbv I GCAGC BbvC I CCTCAGC Bcg I CGANNNNNNTGC BciV I GTATCC Bcl I TGATCA Bfa I CTAG Bgl I GCCNNNNNGGC Bgl II AGATCT Blp I GCTNAGC Bmr I ACTGGG Bpm I GTGGAG BsaA I YACGTR BsaB I GATNNNNATC BsaH I GRCGYC Bsa I GGTCTC BsaJ I CCNNGG BsaW I WCCGGW BseR I GAGGAG Bsg I GTGCAG BsiE I CGRYCG BsiHKA I GWGCWC BsiW I CGTACG Bsl I CCNNNNNNNGG BsmA I GTCTC BsmB I CGTCTC BsmF I GGGAC Bsm I GAATGC BsoB I CYCGRG Bsp1286 I GDGCHC BspD I ATCGAT BspE I TCCGGA BspH I TCATGA BspM I ACCTGC BsrB I CCGCTC BsrD I GCAATG BsrF I RCCGGY BsrG I TGTACA Bsr I ACTGG BssH II GCGCGC BssK I CCNGG Bst4C I ACNGT BssS I CACGAG BstAP I GCANNNNNTGC BstB I TTCGAA BstE II GGTNACC BstF5 I GGATGNN BstN I CCWGG BstU I CGCG BstX I CCANNNNNNTGG BstY I RGATCY BstZ17 I GTATAC Bsu36 I CCTNAGG Btg I CCPuPyGG Btr I CACGTG Cac8 I GCNNGC Cla I ATCGAT Dde I CTNAG Dpn I GATC Dpn II GATC Dra I TTTAAA Dra III CACNNNGTG Drd I GACNNNNNNGTC Eae I YGGCCR Eag I CGGCCG Ear I CTCTTC Eci I GGCGGA EcoN I CCTNNNNNAGG EcoO109 I RGGNCCY EcoR I GAATTC EcoR V GATATC Fau I CCCGCNNNN Fnu4H I GCNGC Fok I GGATG Fse I GGCCGGCC Fsp I TGCGCA Hae II RGCGCY Hae III GGCC Hga I GACGC Hha I GCGC Hinc II GTYRAC Hind III AAGCTT Hinf I GANTC HinP1 I GCGC Hpa I GTTAAC Hpa II CCGG Hph I GGTGA Kas I GGCGCC Kpn I GGTACC Mbo I GATC Mbo II GAAGA Mfe I CAATTG Mlu I ACGCGT Mly I GAGTCNNNNN Mnl I CCTC Msc I TGGCCA Mse I TTAA Msl I CAYNNNNRTG MspA1 I CMGCKG Msp I CCGG Mwo I GCNNNNNNNGC Nae I GCCGGC Nar I GGCGCC Nci I CCSGG Nco I CCATGG Nde I CATATG NgoMI V GCCGGC Nhe I GCTAGC Nla III CATG Nla IV GGNNCC Not I GCGGCCGC Nru I TCGCGA Nsi I ATGCAT Nsp I RCATGY Pac I TTAATTAA PaeR7 I CTCGAG Pci I ACATGT PflF I GACNNNGTC PflM I CCANNNNNTGG PleI GAGTC Pme I GTTTAAAC Pml I CACGTG PpuM I RGGWCCY PshA I GACNNNNGTC Psi I TTATAA PspG I CCWGG PspOM I GGGCCC Pst I CTGCAG Pvu I CGATCG Pvu II CAGCTG Rsa I GTAC Rsr II CGGWCCG Sac I GAGCTC Sac II CCGCGG Sal I GTCGAC Sap I GCTCTTC Sau3A I GATC Sau96 I GGNCC Sbf I CCTGCAGG Sca I AGTACT ScrF I CCNGG SexA I ACCWGGT SfaN I GCATC Sfc I CTRYAG Sfi I GGCCNNNNNGGCC Sfo I GGCGCC SgrA I CRCCGGYG Sma I CCCGGG Sml I CTYRAG SnaB I TACGTA Spe I ACTAGT Sph I GCATGC Ssp I AATATT Stu I AGGCCT Sty I CCWWGG Swa I ATTTAAAT Taq I TCGA Tfi I GAWTC Tli I CTCGAG Tse I GCWGC Tsp45 I GTSAC Tsp509 I AATT TspR I CAGTG Tth111 I GACNNNGTC Xba I TCTAGA Xcm I CCANNNNNNNNNTGG Xho I CTCGAG Xma I CCCGGG Xmn I GAANNNNTTC

The term “restriction enzyme digestion” of DNA as used herein refers to catalytic cleavage of the DNA with an enzyme that acts only at certain locations in the DNA. Such enzymes are called restriction endonucleases, and the sites for which each is specific is called a restriction site. The various restriction enzymes used herein are commercially available and their reaction conditions, cofactors, and other requirements as established by the enzyme suppliers are used. Restriction enzymes commonly are designated by abbreviations composed of a capital letter followed by other letters representing the microorganism from which each restriction enzyme originally was obtained and then a number designating the particular enzyme. In general, about 1 μg of plasmid or DNA fragment is used with about 1-2 units of enzyme in about 20 μl of buffer solution. Appropriate buffers and substrate amounts for particular restriction enzymes are specified by the manufacturer. Restriction enzymes are used to ensure plasmid integrity and correctness.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Example 1 Construction of DNA Vecors and Methods

DNA constructs: In order to prevent or treat chronic conditions in subjects by utilizing plasmid mediated gene supplementation, it was first necessary to design several GHRH constructs. Briefly, the plasmid vectors contained the muscle specific synthetic promoter SPc5-12 (SEQID No.: 15)(Li et al., 1999) attached to a wild type species-specific or analog GHRH. Some wild-type GHRH sequences were cloned in our laboratory (dog, cat and horse); others (chicken, ovine, bovine, porcine) were synthesized according to the specialized literature. The signal peptides of these hormones have also been cloned by us and others. Also, synthetic signal peptides have been created by us to enhance the secretion of the transgene product from muscle cells into the circulation. The analog GHRH sequences were generated by site directed mutagenesis as described (Draghia-Akli et al., 1999). Briefly, mammalian GHRH analog cDNA's were generated by site directed mutagenesis of GHRH cDNA (SEQID No.: 18) (Altered Sites II in vitro Mutagenesis System, Promega, Madison, Wis.), and cloned into the BamHI/Hind III sites of pSPc5-12, to generate the specific GHRH construct. The entire plasmid sequence was then synthetically produced. A reduced 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of growth hormone was included downstream of GHRH cDNA. The resultant plasmids contained mammalian analog coding region for GHRH, and the resultant amino acid sequences were not naturally present in mammals. Species-specific signal peptides were included in some constructs, and modified in others. Although not wanting to be bound by theory, the prevention or treatment chronic disease in subjects are determined ultimately by the circulating levels of GHRH hormones. Several different plasmids encoded different mutated or wild type amino acid sequences of GHRH or functional biological equivalents thereof, for example: HV-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 1) HVDAIFTNSYRKVLAQLSARKLLQDILNRQQGERNQEQGA-OH Pig-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 2) YADAIFTNSYRKVLGQLSARKLLQDIMSRQQGERNQEQGA-OH Bovine-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 3) YADAIFTNSYRKVLGQLSARKLLQDIMNRQQGERNQEQGA-OH Dog-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 4) YADAIFTNSYRKVLGQLSARKLLQDIMSRQQGERNREQGA-OH Cat-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 5) YADAIFTNSYRKVLGQLSARKLLQDIMSRQQGERNQEQGA-OH TI-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 6) YIDAIFTNSYRKVLAQLSARKLLQDILNRQQGERNQEQGA-OH Ovine-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 7) YADAIFTNSYRKILGQLSARKLLQDIMNRQQGERNQEQGA-OH Chicken-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 8) HADGIFSKAYRKLLGQLSARNYLHSLMAKRVGSGLGDEAEPLS-OH Horse-GHRH (partial): (SEQID No.: 9) YADAIFTNNYRKVLGQLSARKILQDIMSR-----------OH Human-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 10) YADAIFTNSYRKVLGQLSARKLLQDIMSRQQGESNQERGA-OH TV-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 11) YVDAIFTNSYRKVLAQLSARKLLQDILNRQQGERNQEQGA-OH TA-15/27/28-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 12) YADAIFTNSYRKVLAQLSARKLLQDILNRQQGERNQEQGA-OH

In general, the encoded GHRH or functional biological equivalent thereof is of formula: -X₁-X₂-DAIFTNSYRKVL-X₃-QLSARKLLQDI-X₄-X₅-RQQGE-X₆-N-X₇-E-X₈-GA-OH   (SEQID No.: 14) wherein: X₁ is a D-or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of tyrosine (“Y”), or histidine (“H”); X₂ is a D-or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of alanine (“A”), valine (“V”), or isoleucine (“I”); X₃ is a D-or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of alanine (“A”) or glycine (“G”); X₄ is a D-or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of methionine (“M”), or leucine (“L”); X₅ is a D-or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of serine (“S”) or asparagines (“N”); X₆ is a D- or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine (“R”), or serine (“S”); X₇ is a D- or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine (“R”), or glutamine (“Q”); and X₈ is a D- or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine (“R”), or glutamine (“Q”).

Although not wanting to be bound by theory, the prevention or treatment chronic disease in subjects are determined ultimately by the circulating levels of GHRH hormones, or local levels in the target organs. Several different plasmids encoded different mutated or wild type amino acid sequences of GHRH or functional biological equivalents thereof, and under the secretory control of species-specific or modified signal peptides, as of:

Plasmid Encoded Signal Peptide Amino Acid Sequence HV-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 41) MVLWVFFFVILTLSNSSHCSPPPPLTLRMRR-OH Pig-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 42) MVLWVFFFVILTLSNSSHCSPPPPLTLRMRR-OH Bovine-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 43) MVLWVFFLVTLTLSSGSHGSLPS-QPLRIPR-OH Dog-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 44) MVLWVFFLVILTLSSGSHSSPPS-LPIRIPR-OH Cat-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 45) MVLWVFFLVILTLDSGSHCSPPS-LPLRMPR-OH Ovine-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 46) MVLWVFFLVTLTLSSGSHGSLPS-QPLRIPR-OH Chicken-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 47) -MALWVFFVLLTLTSGSHCSLPPSPPFRVRR-OH Horse-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 48) MVLWVFFFVILTLSNSSHCSPPPPLTLRMRR-OH Human-GHRH: (SEQID No.: 49) MPLWVFFFVILTLSNSSHCSPPPPLTLRMRR-OH Synthetic RPRP: (SEQID No.: 50) MPLWVFFFVILTLSNSSHCSRPRPLTLRMRR-OH Synthetic RPPP: (SEQID No.: 51) MPLWVFFFVILTLSNSSHCSRPPPLTLRMRR-OH

The plasmids contain the species-specific or modified signal peptides with the consensus sequence (SEQID No.: 52): MVLWVFF-X₁-VILTLS-X₂-X₃-SHCS-X₄-P-X₅-X₆-LPLRM-X₇-R—OH wherein: X₁ is a D-or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of leucine (“L”), or phenylalanine (“F”); X₂ is a D-or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of serine (“S”), or asparagine (“N”); X₃ is a D-or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine (“G”) or serine (“S”); X₄ may be absent, or is a D-or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine (“R), proline (“P”) or serine (“S”); X₅ is a D-or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine (“R”), proline (“P”) or serine (“S”); X₆ is a D- or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine (“R”), or proline (“P”); X₇ is a D- or L-isomer of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine (“R”), or proline (“P”).

Usually, the signal for proteolitic cleavage generally occurs at an arginine-arginine or lysine-arginine site, but it can be sometimes different, and only one basic amino-acid may be sufficient. In the case of GHRH the different signal peptides have different cleavage sites, with half of peptides having an arginine-arginine signal, and half having a proline-arginine signal. It may be possible that the arginine-arginine signal promotes higher secretion than the arginine-proline, based on the specific properties of the two amino-acids. This phenomenon has not been described for any of the hormones in the GHRH axis. Nevertheless, it is known that substitutions in signal peptides can have a profound impact on hormone secretion and clinical effects: for instance it is known that a leucine to proline substitution in the neuropeptide Y (NPY) signal results in significantly lower plasma NPY levels (Kallio et al., 2003), or that the polymorphism at position 25 of the gene encoding transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), which changes the amino acid sequence of the signal peptide sequence (arginine to proline), is causing a variation in TGF-beta1 production. In patients with severe hepatic fibrosis, the Pro25 allele is twice as frequent compared to patients with mild fibrosis (Tag et al., 2003).

Some of the signal peptides (dog, cat, horse) were previously unknown and isolated in our laboratory by species-specific hypothalamic genomic library screening. A custom cDNA library was constructed by Clontech Laboratories, inc., Palo Alto, Calif. The starting tissue for the library was dog, cat or horse hypothalamus (4.7-5.2 gm) which had been collected from animals kept in experimental facilities (NIH regulations) from birth to death and stored at −80° C. The cDNA library was screened by PCR using a 5′ primer selected from the BamHI/HindIII fragment of human GHRH and a 3′ primer selected from sequence in exon 5 of bovine GHRH. Bam/Hind III 5′ Primer: ATG GTG CTC TGG GTG TTC TT (SEQID No.: 53) Exon 5 3′ Primer: TTC ATC CTT GGG AGT TCC TG (SEQID No.: 54)

PCR conditions were as following: DNA (library) 3 μl, 10× Accutaq buffer 5 μl, DMSO 1 μl, dNTP's (10 mM) 1 μl, Exon3-5′ primer (50 ng) 1 μl, Exon 5-3′primer (50 ng) 1 μl, water 37.5 μl, Accutaq 0.5 μl, with the following cycling parameters: 94° C. 10 min, 94° C. 30 sec, 55° C. 30 sec, 68° C. 30 sec for 35 cycles, followed by a cycle at 68 ° C. for 5 min.

The PCR fragment generated, approx. 200 bp, was sub-cloned using the topo cloning kit and sent for sequencing. A positive clone for each species was found to be complete and aligned and compared with other GHRH sequences, as that of human GHRH.

Primers were designed with specific mutations to incorporate a restriction sites to facilitate sub-cloning into expression vectors: NcoI, Hind III sites and 2 stop codons for insertion into the new pAV backbone. The newly generated expected band size is approximately 240 bp.

PCR Conditions were as following: DNA (positive clone) 10 ng, 10× Accutaq buffer 5 μl, DMSO 1 μl, dNTP's (10 mM) 1 μl, 5′ primer (50 ng) 1 μl, 3′primer (50 ng) 1 μl, water 40.5 μl, Accutaq 0.5 μl. The cycling parameters were as following: 95° C. for 3' min, 94° C. 30 sec, 52° C. 30 sec, 68° C. 30 sec, for 30 cycles, followed by on extension at 68° C. for 5 min.

PCR reaction mix digested with NcoI and HindiHI and ligated into the new backbone using Takara ligase; clones were then sequenced to confirm that restriction sites and stop codons had been incorporated. Muscle cells (Sol 8 or L6) were transfected with the resulting vector and a Northern blot confirmed presence of species specific RNA.

The plasmids described above do not contain polylinker, IGF-I gene, a skeletal alpha-actin promoter or a skeletal alpha-actin 3′ UTR/NCR. Furthermore, these plasmids were introduced by muscle injection, followed by in vivo electroporation, as described below.

In terms of “functional biological equivalents”, it is well understood by the skilled artisan that, inherent in the definition of a “biologically functional equivalent” protein and/or polynucleotide, is the concept that there is a limit to the number of changes that may be made within a defined portion of the molecule while retaining a molecule with an acceptable level of equivalent biological activity. Functional biological equivalents are thus defined herein as those proteins (and poly-nucleotides) in selected amino acids (or codons) may be substituted. A peptide comprising a functional biological equivalent of GHRH is a polypeptide that has been engineered to contain distinct amino acid sequences while simultaneously having similar or improved biologically activity when compared to GHRH. For example one biological activity of GHRH is to facilitate growth hormone (“GH”) secretion in the subject.

Optimized Plasmid Backbone. One aspect of the current invention is the optimized plasmid backbone. The synthetic plasmids presented below contain eukaryotic sequences that are synthetically optimized for species-specific mammalian transcription. An existing pSP-HV-GHRH plasmid (“pAV0125”) (SEQID No.: 22), was synthetically optimized to form a new plasmid (SEQID No.: 25). The plasmid pAV0125 was described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,996 titled “Super-active porcine growth hormone releasing hormone analog,” issued on Apr. 22, 2003 with Schwartz, et al., listed as inventors (“the Schwartz '996 Patent”), which teaches application of a GHRH analog containing mutations that improve the ability to elicit the release of growth hormone. This 3,534 bp plasmid pAV0125 (SEQID No.: 22) contains a plasmid backbone with various component from different commercially available plasmids, for example, a synthetic promoter SPc5-12 (SEQID No.: 15), a modified porcine GHRH sequence (SEQID #20), and a 3′end of human growth hormone (SEQID #37). Other specific examples of optimized synthetic plasmids include an optimized wt-porcine GHRH plasmid, pAV0225 (SEQID No.: 26) FIG. 3; dog GHRH plasmid, pAV0235 (SEQID No.: 27) FIG. 4; bovine GHRH plasmid, pAV0236 (SEQID No.: 28) FIG. 5; cat GHRH plasmid, pAV0238 (SEQID No.: 29) FIG. 6; a TI-GHRH plasmid, pAV0239 (SEQID No.: 30) FIG. 7; ovine GHRH plasmid, pAV0240 (SEQID No.: 31) FIG. 8; chicken GHRH plasmid, pAV0241 (SEQID No.: 32) FIG. 9; horse GHRH plasmid, pAV0249 (SEQID No.: 33) FIG. 10. The therapeutic encoded gene for such optimized plasmids may also include species specific or optimized signal peptide sequences, and/or optimized nucleic acid sequences that encode modified GHRH molecules or functional biological equivalents thereof (e.g. see FIG. 11).

Example 2 Signal Peptides Determine Secretion of Trangene Products

Expression of the species specific GHRH under the secretory control of their species-specific signal peptides was examined in transfected mouse myoblasts (with the mouse specific construct used as a control). The plasmids used in the assay were: optimized wt-porcine GHRH plasmid with a porcine signal sequence, pAV0225 (SEQID No.: 26) FIG. 3; dog GHRH plasmid with a dog signal sequence, pAV0235 (SEQID No.: 27) FIG. 4; cat GHRH plasmid with a cat signal sequence, pAV0238 (SEQID No.: 29) FIG. 6; and TI-GHRH plasmid with a human signal sequence, pAV0239 (SEQID No.: 30) FIG. 7. Species-specific transfected cells were placed into differentiation media for 72 hours to initiate withdrawal from the cell cycle and to induce post-fusion differentiation. The media was changed to a minimal serum-free media for a 24-hours pulse. Cells were harvested 96 hours post-differentiation. Northern blot analysis showed the expected size transcripts.

Conditioned serum-free media from species-specific and control transfected myoblasts were collected and purified on C18 Sep-Columns (Peninsula Laboratories, Belmont, Calif.), which served to separate the peptide to be assayed from potentially interfering substances and to concentrate the samples to determine levels of radio-immunoassayable GHRH. Transfected cells were harvested into a specific lysis buffer and extracted using the same procedure to assay the intracellular GHRH. GHRH was measured by a heterologous human assay system (Peninsula Laboratories, Belmont, Calif.). Sensitivity of the assay is 1 pg/tube. All samples were run in the same assay. The intra-assay variability was 3%.

The relative proportion of the intracellular (I) versus secreted (S) GHRH is presented (FIG. 1). The control samples had, as expected, a report of 1I:1S. When the GHRH was under the control of the porcine specific signal peptide, the report was 1I:1.56S (P<0.03). When the human signal peptide was used, the proportion was 1I:2.23S (P<0.04), and when the dog signal was used, the report became 1I:1.43S (P<0.04). Interestingly, when the cat specific signal peptide was used, this report was 1I:1.33S (P<0.3). Thus it is possible to tightly control the relative proportion of hormone secreted from a cell versus the amount that stays into the cell. This characteristic may be very important when molecules are used to treat systemic diseases (as GH-deficiencies), versus local diseases (as diabetic ulcer). In the first case one would like to have as much newly synthesized peptide released into the circulation, while in the second case one would need a high local concentration of hormone, with minimal systemic “spilling”, to avoid adverse effects.

Example 3 Synthesis Signal Peptides Determine High Secretion of Trangene Products

In order to create the synthetic signal peptides, we have first analyzed the most frequent codons in homo sapiens for “arginine”: CGU=4.6%; CGC=10.7%; CGA=6.3%; CGG=11.7%; AGA=11.7%; and AGG=11.7%. We decided to use codons that are frequently used to encode for arginine, while not creating repetitive patterns in the signal peptide coding sequence. We have focused on the proline cluster in positions 21-24 “PPPP” (wild-type DNA sequence=CCA/CCT/CCC/CCT).

For the RPPP mutation the first proline was changed to arginine (RPPP DNA sequence=AGA/CCT/CCC/CCT). For the RPRP mutation, the third proline was also changed to arginine (RPRP sequence=AGA/CCT/AGG/CCT).

The changes in the DNA sequence were performed by PCR. The following primers were used: RPRP Upper primer 5′-3′: GCT CCA GAC CTA GGC CTT (SEQID No.: 55) TGA C RPRP Lower primer 5′ - 3′: GTC AAA GGC CTA GGT CTG (SEQID No.: 56) GAG C RPPP Upper primer 5′ - 3′: TGC TCC AGA CCT CCC CCT (SEQID No.: 57) TTG AC RPPP Lower primer 5′ - 3′: GTC AAA GGG GGA GGT CTG (SEQID No.: 58) GAG C Nco I Primer 5′-3′ sense: CCT AGC TGC CAT GGT (SEQID No.: 59) GCT CTG Hind III Primer 5′-3′antisense: CCC GAT AAG CTT (SEQID No.: 60) TCA TTA TGC TCC

All primers were diluted to 50 ng/μl, and the template, the plasmid vector pAV0243 was diluted to 20 ng/μl. The PCR reaction was diluted into ReadyMix (Sigma, P4600) which includes the buffer, Taq polymerase enzyme, MgCl₂ and dNTP's.

Initial PCR reaction was run with upper strand primers and Hind III primers and the lower strand with NcoI primers to generate upper and lower bands containing the desired mutations. These bands were gel purified and used as template in a second PCR with the NcoI and HindIII primers.

The PCR parameters for initial cycle to generate upper and lower strand mutations were as following: a hot start cycle of 95° C. for 8 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94° C. for 30 sec, 55° C. for 30 sec, and 72° C. for 40 sec. An extension cycle completed the reaction: 72° C. for 5 min.

Upper and lower bands were excised and purified to be used as template in second round of PCR. Approximately 20 ng of each band was used for template in the second round of PCR with NcoI/Hind III primers at 50 ng each. The same PCR parameters as described above were used. This PCR generated the expected band size of approximately 220 bp. The band was ligated into Invitrogen Zero Blunt TOPO kit. Colonies were picked, mini-preps prepared, and clones were sent for sequence. A positive clone of the expected sequence was ligated into Ncol/HindIII site of backbone pAV0242.

Expression of the species specific GHRH under the secretory control of their species-specific signal peptides was examined in transfected mouse myoblasts (with the mouse specific construct used as a control). A SEAP (secreated embryonic alkaline phosphatase) expressing vetor was used as negative control. Plasmids containing the wild-type GHRH signal peptide on a new improved plasmid backbone (subject of the “High Yield Synthetic Plasmids” Application, having as inventors Ruxandra Draghia-Akli, and Melissa Pope), pAV0242 (SEQID No.: 61) (FIG. 14) and pAV0243 (SEQID No.: 62)(FIG. 15), the RPRP synthetic signal, pAV0244 (SEQID No.: 63)(FIG. 16), and the RPPP synthetic signal, pAV0245 (SEQID No.: 64)(FIG. 17) were assyed for secretory potency.

Muscle specific cells at 5×10⁵ cell/plate (L6 and/or Sol8) were transfected with 4 μg plasmids containing the GHRH with the human specific or with the synthetic signal peptides. As our plasmids contain a muscle specific promoter that is active predominantly in differentiated cells, transfected cells were placed into differentiation media for 48 hours to initiate withdrawal from the cell cycle and to induce post-fusion differentiation. The media was changed to a minimal serum-free media for a 24 hours pulse. Cells were harvested 96 hours post-differentiation. Briefly, the procedure was as following: Media was collected, kept in separate tubes, spun down to eleiminate cell debris and transfered to a clean tube with 1% TFA (v/v). The cell debris pellet was saved and this tube was used for collection of cells. We added to the plates 0.5 ml homogenization buffer (50 mM HEPES, 0.1% Triton X, 4 mM EGTA, 10 mM EDTA, 15 mM Sodium pyrophosphate, 25 mM NaF, 5 mM NaVO₄, Protease Inhibitor cocktail (5 μl/ml Sigma P8340), water), we scraped the plates and transfered cells to corresponding tube with cell pellet. The cells were mixed well, spun down and the supernatant collected. An equal volume of 1% TFA was added to the solution. All samples were frozen at −80° C. until the assay was performed. All samples were processed in the same assay. The trubes were thawed on ice, spun down to eliminate any possible debris, and the supemanatant run on C18 Sep-Columns (Peninsula Laboratories, Belmont, Calif.). Total protein levels were measured using the Bradford method (BioRad).

Conditioned serum-free media from species-specific and control transfected myoblasts were collected and purified on C18 Sep-Columns (Peninsula Laboratories, Belmont, Calif.), which served to separate the peptide to be assayed from potentially interfering substances and to concentrate the samples to determine levels of radio-immunoassayable GHRH. As described above, transfected cells were harvested into a specific lysis buffer and extracted using the same procedure to assay the intracellular GHRH. GHRH was measured by a heterologous human assay system (Peninsula Laboratories, Belmont, Calif.). Sensitivity of the assay is 1 pg/tube. All samples were run in the same assay. The intra-assay variability was 3.6%.

The relative proportion of the intracellular (I) versus secreted (S) GHRH into the media is presented (FIG. 12). The control samples had, as expected, a report of approximately 1I:1S. When the GHRH was under the control of the wild type human signal peptide was used, the proportion was 1I:3.2S (P<0.09), and when the RPRP signal was used, the report became 1I:4.98S (*, P<0.04). Interestingly, when the RPPP specific signal peptide was used, this report was 1I:5.02S (§, P<0.002). Thus, it is possible to tightly control the relative proportion of hormone secreted from a cell versus the amount that stays into the cell. This characteristic may be very important when plasmid or other vectors that encode for a variety of molecules are used to treat systemic diseases. In this case one would like to have as much newly synthesized peptide released into the circulation, and a minimal plasmid dose to be sufficient to ensure physiological levels of the hormone, enzyme of peptide.

The amount of hormone produced by the cells and secreted was also measured. As shown in FIG. 13, the amount of GHRH increased two-fold over wild-type human signal peptide sequence (PPPP), when the RPPP signal peptide was included in the construct.

The embodiments provided herein illustrate that the plasmid design and incorporation of appropriate species-specific or synthetic signal peptide sequences is essential for the amount of newly synthesized protein that will be secreted versus the amount that will be kept intracellular, and that different species-specific signal peptides for the same hormone may have completely different properties. This characteristic may be used for the therapy of disease, in particular chronic disease. For instance, recent studies have demonstrated the presence of many neuropeptides and their receptors in different organs, suggesting that these peptides operate as local regulators, with effects on cell development and function, besides they known function as endocrine modulators. However, their precise physiologic roles and mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Thus, the amount of secreted (mediating endocrine effects) versus intracellular (mediating, paracrine, autocrine effects) amount of a specific hormone is of exquisite importance.

One skilled in the art readily appreciates that this invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those inherent therein. Growth hormone, growth hormone releasing hormone, analogs, plasmids, vectors, pharmaceutical compositions, treatments, methods, procedures and techniques described herein are presently representative of the preferred embodiments and are intended to be exemplary and are not intended as limitations of the scope. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention or defined by the scope of the pending claims.

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1. A method of expressing and secreting an encoded growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (“GHRH”) peptide from a cell of a subject comprising: delivering into the cell of the subject an isolated nucleic acid expression construct that encodes a signal peptide coupled to the encoded GHRH peptide, wherein the encoded signal peptide is at least 90% identical to (SEQID No.: 52) and the encoded GHRH peptide is at least 90% identical to (SEQID No.: 14).
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein delivering comprises: an electroporation method in conjunction with a carrier.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the electroporation method comprising: a. penetrating a tissue in the subject with a plurality of needle electrodes, wherein the plurality of needle electrodes are arranged in a spaced relationship; b. introducing the nucleic acid expression construct into the tissue between the plurality of needle electrodes; and c. applying an electrical pulse to the plurality of needle electrodes.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the nucleic acid expression construct is delivered in a single dose.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the single dose comprises about a 0.01-10 mg quantity of nucleic acid expression construct.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the carrier further comprises, a transfection-facilitating polypeptide.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the transfection-facilitating polypeptide comprises a charged polypeptide.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the transfection-facilitating polypeptide comprises poly-L-glutamate.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the cells of the subject comprise diploid cells.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the cells of the subject comprise muscle cells.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein SEQID No.: 52 is 100% identical to (SEQID No.: 41); (SEQID No.: 42); (SEQID No.: 43); (SEQID No.: 44); (SEQID No.: 45); (SEQID No.: 46); (SEQID No.: 47); (SEQID No.: 48); (SEQID No.: 49); (SEQID No.: 50); or (SEQID No.: 51).
 12. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein SEQID No.: 14 is 100% identical to SEQID No.: 1; SEQID No.: 2; SEQID No.: 3; SEQID No.: 4; SEQID No.: 5; SEQID No.: 6; SEQID No.: 7; SEQID No.: 8; or SEQID No.:
 10. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the isolated nucleic acid molecule is at least 90% identical to SEQID No.: 63 or SEQID NO:
 64. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the isolated nucleic acid molecule is at least 90% identical to pAV0236 (SEQID No.: 28); pAV0239 (SEQID No.: 30); pAV0225 (SEQID No.: 26); pAV0240 (SEQID No.: 31); pAV0241 (SEQID No.: 32); pAV0235 (SEQID No.: 27); pAV0238 (SEQID No.: 29); pAV0249 (SEQID No.: 33); pAV0242 (SEQID No.: 61); or pAV0243 (SEQID No.: 62).
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the delivering into the cell of the subject the nucleic acid expression construct initiates expression of the encoded signal peptide and GHRH.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject comprises human, ruminant animal, food animal, or work animal.
 17. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence that encodes a signal peptide coupled to an encoded growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (“GHRH”) peptide, wherein the encoded signal peptide is at least 90% identical to (SEQID No.: 52) and the encoded GHRH is at least 90% identical to (SEQID No.: 14).
 18. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 15, wherein SEQID No.: 52 is 100% identical to (SEQID No.: 41); (SEQID No.: 42); (SEQID No.: 43); (SEQID No.: 44); (SEQID No.: 45); (SEQID No.: 46); (SEQID No.: 47); (SEQID No.: 48); (SEQID No.: 49); (SEQID No.: 50); or (SEQID No.: 51).
 19. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 15, wherein SEQID No.: 14 is 100% identical to SEQID No.: 1; SEQID No.: 2; SEQID No.: 3; SEQID No.: 4; SEQID No.: 5; SEQID No.: 6; SEQID No.: 7; SEQID No.: 8; or SEQID No.:
 10. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the isolated nucleic acid molecule is at least 90% identical to SEQID No.: 63 or SEQID NO:
 64. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein the isolated nucleic acid molecule is at least 90% identical to pAV0236 (SEQID No.: 28); pAV0239 (SEQID No.: 30); pAV0225 (SEQID No.: 26); pAV0240 (SEQID No.: 31); pAV0241 (SEQID No.: 32); pAV0235 (SEQID No.: 27); pAV0238 (SEQID No.: 29); pAV0249 (SEQID No.: 33); pAV0242 (SEQID No.: 61); or pAV0243 (SEQID No.: 62).
 22. A method of secreting an encoded growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (“GHRH”) peptide from a cell of a subject comprising: a. penetrating a tissue in the subject with a plurality of needle electrodes, wherein the plurality of needle electrodes are arranged in a spaced relationship; b. introducing a single dose of an isolated nucleic acid expression construct into the tissue between the plurality of needle electrodes, wherein, the single dose comprises about a 0.01-10 mg quantity of the isolated nucleic acid expression construct and a transfection-facilitating polypeptide; and c. applying an electrical pulse to the plurality of needle electrodes; wherein, the isolated nucleic acid molecule is at least 90% identical to SEQID No.: 63 or SEQID NO: 64; the transfection-facilitating polypeptide comprises poly-L-glutamate; and the subject comprises human, ruminant animal, food animal, or work animal. 